Rapid urbanization in China has led to resource depletion, environmental pollution, and social inequity. The cornerstone of China’s high-quality economic development is inclusive green development, which has developed as the society’s primary objective. Based on the panel data of 16 prefecture-level cities in Anhui Province from 2011 to 2020, the study explores the connotation of urban inclusive green development efficiency (IGDE) and evaluates IGDE using the hierarchical entropy weight TOPSIS model combined with the global-Super-SBM model. The current situation and problems of IGDE in Anhui Province are thoroughly analyzed, then the Global-Malmquist index is used to analyze the structural dynamics of efficiency dynamics, the Theil index to explore the sources of regional differences in efficiency and the efficiency slackness index to discover the causes of low-efficiency losses. The results indicate that, technological progress is the key factor affecting IGDE. Intra-regional variation is the primary source of regional variation in IGDE. The inadequacy of infrastructure, medical level, educational equity, and green status are the four decisive aspects that cause the low efficiency of IGDE for the whole, but the weaknesses of IGDE are specifically from city to city. According to the above, the practical promotion path of IGDE in Anhui province has been obtained.