To study the mineralization process of potable natural mineral water, this paper collected water samples from the Caowang town in northern China. The hydrochemical characteristics of water samples were determined by the hydrochemical analysis. The results indicate that sampled groundwater is desirable for drinking and two main groundwater types i.e., Na·Ca·Mg–HCO₃ and Na–HCO₃ type were found in the study area. Chemical components in groundwater are governed by water-rock interactions and two beneficial chemical components including metasilicic acid and strontium are measured up to the standard values of potable natural mineral water. The chemical thermodynamics analysis was subsequently pioneered to assess the origins of minerals in potable natural mineral water. It can be concluded that metasilicic acid is attributed to the dissolution of feldspar rather than quartz minerals. The increase of strontium originates from the dissolution of strontium carbonate in the recharge area. The Gibbs function is valid and effective for identifying the origins of minerals and assessing the mineralization process of potable natural mineral water. This study can provide insight into protecting the recharge area and ensure the quality of potable natural mineral water, thereby guiding the management of the precious groundwater resource.