On the basis of the ¹H, ¹³C NMR and FT-IR spectroscopic results, elemental analysis and acid hydroxide group content analysis, the chemical structure of liquid fractions from pyrolysis of rapeseed treatment products was discussed. All the examined pyrolysis products contain a large number of unstable olefins as well as oxygen and nitrogen in aromatic rings or side hydrocarbon chains in aromatics. Although the liquid fractions obtained by pyrolysis of rapeseed and rapeseed processing products are potentially valuable fuel or fuel components, they need refining treatment. The best method, in this case, seems to be the hydrorefining process. It was shown that the hydrotreatment of such a complex composition requires incurring the costs of hydrogen for refining and construction costs of relevant installations or using existing ones in the nearest refinery. The costs of biofuel production from studied liquid pyrolysis products and other biomass-derived fractions should include the raw material costs as the logistics, i.e. transport of biomass and pyrolytic oils to the place of their pyrolysis or refining. In many cases, the costs of producing liquid fuels by biomass pyrolysis can be comparable or even higher than the value of the biofuel produced.