This study focuses on the impact of agricultural science and technology innovation and its decomposition indicators on green agricultural development, providing valuable insights not only for China but also for other countries to further optimize agricultural technological innovation and empower green agricultural development. The research finds that agricultural science and technology innovation and its decomposition indicators have a significant positive impact on agricultural green development, and this research conclusion remains robust after replacing the explained variables and conducting endogeneity tests. Meanwhile, although there are certain differences in the level of agricultural green development among sample regions, the significant positive impact of agricultural science and technology innovation and its decomposition indicators on agricultural green development holds true in different regions. Mechanism tests indicate the existence of an intermediary mechanism through which agricultural science and technology innovation and its decomposition indicators promote agricultural green development by enhancing the levels of human capital and urbanization.