ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Source Identification of Heavy Metals in Particulate Matter (PM10) in a Malaysian Traffic Area Using Multivariate Techniques
Rasheida E. Elhadi1, Ahmad Makmom Abdullah1, Abdul Halim Abdullah2, Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari1, Nura Umar Kura1, Gumel D.Y.1, Abdullahi Adamu1
 
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1Environmental pollution Control Technology, Department of Environmental Sciences,
Faculty of Environmental Studies, University Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang
 
 
Submission date: 2017-02-26
 
 
Final revision date: 2017-03-20
 
 
Acceptance date: 2017-03-28
 
 
Online publication date: 2017-08-31
 
 
Publication date: 2017-11-07
 
 
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2017;26(6):2523-2532
 
KEYWORDS
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ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to determine heavy metal concentrations in particulate matter (PM10) and the source identification in the areas affected by traffic during the southwest monsoon from June to July 2014. Collection of the particulate samples was done at three sampling sites that have varying traffic densities (high, medium, and low). Samples were collected using a high-volume air sampler. Heavy metals in the particulate matter (PM10) were assessed with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results show that the mean concentrations of PM10 for high-, medium-, and low-density traffic were found to be 207.63±7.82, 164.92±10.68, and 90.09±20.70 μg m-3, respectively. The concentrations in high- and mediumdensity areas were found to be significantly higher than 150 μg m-3 for 24 hrs as per Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines (RMAQG). The heavy metals found were dominated by Ba and Fe, followed by Cu > V> Zn > Pb > Mn > Cr> As > Ni >Cd > Co. A comparison of the concentrations of heavy metals with the United State Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines revealed that As was higher than the standards in high- and medium-density areas. Cluster analysis (CA) and principal component analysis (PCA) were employed in the identification of the sources of metals for high-, medium-, and low-traffic densities. The CA identified three clusters for high-, medium-, and low-traffic densities, while PCA extracted four sources for high-, medium-, and low-traffic densities and the major pollution sources identified were vehicle exhaust emission, non-exhaust emission (brake and tire wear), and re-suspension dust.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
 
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