In the process of urbanization, microclimate issues such as heat islands and haze caused by the unique spatial forms of cities have attracted increasing attention. In this study, we analyze the measured data of the city of Jinan at 10 a.m. in the summer and the simulation results of ENVI-met to explore the urban morphological parameters (UMPs) at different spatial scales. The correlations between the urban thermal environment and various indicators of spatial form were studied. The results show that in the vertical direction, the 3D morphologies of vegetation and buildings have different ranges of influence on air temperature (Ta). In the case of commercial land and a building height of lower than 12.5 m, its temperature is mainly affected by the shadow of the building, and the floor area ratio (FAR) and cubic indexes are significantly negatively correlated with temperature. The spatial scale and grid resolution simulated by the model are critical in the study of the relationship between urban morphology and thermal environment. Among the seven UMPs, the FAR and cubic index are most affected by the spatial scale. In comparison, the SVF is less affected by the spatial scale.