Seismic waves travel faster in rock stratum and have greater environmental responses. This paper analyzed the transmission regulation, vibration frequency, and amplitude attenuation characteristics of waves in layered elastic medium. Also, impacts of the elastic modulus of homogeneous medium, subway tunnel depth, and other factors on the environmental response in the runtime were investigated. Based on typical lots of Qingdao Subway, environmental response of train vibration was analyzed. The horizontal vibration response of Sensitive Point 1 indicates that the horizontal velocity reaches its peak (0.4 mm/s) at 25 m away from the vibration source, and it minimizes with the increase of horizontal distance. Vertical vibration of Sensitive Point 2 shows that the maximum of Z vibration level occurred right above the tunnel, and numerical value of Z vibration level decreased with the increase of horizontal distance. The results provide data for the vibration damping and isolation during subway tunnel construction in rock stratum, and meaningful references to the control of environmental response and vibration problems during the operation of a subway train.