This paper utilizes industrial CO₂ emissions efficiency as a measure of the low-carbon transformation index and used industrial provincial panel data during 1997-2014 and industrial panel data during 2000- 14 based on the modified Super-SBM model with undesirable outputs that measure carbon efficiency levels of different provinces and industrial sectors in China. Differences among sectors and provinces were calculated using the Dagum Gene coefficient and the subgroup decomposition method, and the determinants of carbon efficiency were explored by regression analysis. It turns out that industrial CO₂ emissions efficiency in China is generally low, and it has been steadily improving since 2003. Industrial carbon efficiency shows the unbalanced characteristics (high in eastern areas, low in western areas) and the value of the western regions was overtaken by the central region during the period of the 12^th Five-Year Plan. From the perspective of industrial sectors, industrial CO₂ emissions efficiency of lightly polluted industries is significantly higher than that of moderately and heavily polluted industries. In addition, the carbon efficiency of technology-intensive industries and clean production industries as part of industries with light pollution is at an optimal level, while that of some resource-intensive industries and traditional manufacturing industries is relatively low. Both the regional and industrial sectors’ Dagum Gini coefficients of industrial carbon efficiency exhibit the tendency of down first, and then up and stable on the whole. The regional disequilibrium problem mainly arises from the gap between the eastern and western regions, and the inter-industry gap is primarily manifested between heavily polluted and lightly polluted industries. The relationship between scale effect and industrial carbon efficiency presents a “U”-type curve. Ownership structure, technological innovation, government environment, and openness degree can all have a positive effect on industrial carbon efficiency, while endowment structure and energy consumption structure exert markedly negative effects. However, effects of these factors differ among different areas and different sectors.