The process of analytical signal generation in chemical
sensors such as ion-selective electrodes, ion-sensitive field effect transistors
and fibre optic sensors is described. The principle of operation of these
sensors is explained with respect to the signal conversion from the concentration
of the analyte into the changes in analytical signal obtained from the sensor.
Some general considerations about chemical sensor design are also given.
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.