ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Assessing the Potential of Roadside Olive
as Bioindicator of Metal Pollution in
Comparison to Farmland Olive
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1
Department of Botany, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Botany, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
3
Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
4
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,
Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
5
College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Xianyang, 712100, China
6
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Submission date: 2023-12-15
Final revision date: 2024-02-21
Acceptance date: 2024-04-20
Online publication date: 2024-09-04
Publication date: 2025-01-28
Corresponding author
Rumana Sadiq
Department of Botany, Government College Women University Faisalabad, Pakistan
Usman Zulfiqar
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur,
Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(3):2117-2127
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Heavy metal pollution is a stern global environmental challenge due to its long-term persistence in the
environment and bioaccumulating nature. The vehicular emanations having traces of various heavy metals
result in contamination of roadside plants and soil. A comparative investigation has been planned between
olive varieties Arlik and Gemlik, collected from two sites; roadside and farmland Kallar Kahar. The potential
for heavy metal accumulation was explored by comparing the morphological, physiological, biochemical,
and antioxidant responses of both varieties from two different sites. Soil and mature olive leaves were
sampled, labeled, and brought to the Botany Lab, at the GC Women’s University of Faisalabad, for further
analysis. The sampling was completely randomized with three replications. The roadside soil showed a high
concentration of Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn and low concentrations of Na and K in comparison to farmland soil. The
findings depicted that both Arlik and Gemlik olives experienced high metal stress under roadside conditions.
Roadside olive varieties had smaller leaf areas, high fresh and dry weights, fewer amounts of chlorophyll A
and B, total chlorophyll and carotenoids, total soluble sugars, proteins, and total free amino acids as compared
to farmland olives. However, phenolics, MDA, anthocyanin, and proline antioxidants were greater under
roadside stressed conditions. The concentrations of Ni, Pb, Cd, and Zn heavy metals and BAF were higher in
both varieties of olive collected from the roadside as compared to farmland. The comparison among varieties
showed that Arlik performed far better than Gemlik at both sites.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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