ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Comparative Analysis of Plant Response
to Artificial Electromagnetic Fields
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1
Department of Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
2
Department of Computer Sciences, College of Computer and Information Sciences,
Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman, Saudi Arabia
3
Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Environment; Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology,
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University,
050024 Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, P.R. China
Submission date: 2025-02-28
Final revision date: 2025-06-13
Acceptance date: 2025-09-13
Online publication date: 2025-11-06
Corresponding author
Zia- Ul Haq
Physics, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan, 041, Faisalabad, Pakistan
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Achieving high germination rates and healthy seedling growth is one of the ongoing challenges
in maize production, especially in view of the growing need for food worldwide and the requirement
for sustainable agricultural methods. Pre-sowing magnetic field treatment has emerged as a viable,
safe method for enhancing seed performance. Research on maize seed response to magnetic field
treatment, especially in Pakistan, remains limited. This gap highlights the importance of investigating
pre-sowing magnetic field treatment as a regional approach to improve maize productivity. To address
this gap, this study evaluated the effects of pre-sowing MF treatment on maize seeds with four
treatments: T1 (100 mT for 30 sec), T2 (100 mT for 1 min), T3 (150 mT for 30 sec), and T4 (150 mT for
1 min), along with the control T0. Results showed that T2 significantly enhanced germination percentage
(75% vs. 49% in control), reduced mean germination time by 40%, and increased vigor index
I and II by 37.5% and 66.2%, respectively. Chlorophyll a and b increased by 30.5% and 42%,
and enzyme activities such as SOD and CAT improved by 179.1% and 97.7%, respectively, along with
mineral ion concentrations. Higher doses (T3, T4) were less effective, indicating reduced results with
excessive exposure. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further confirmed these findings, highlighting
T2 (100 mT for 1 min) as the most effective treatment. This study addresses the limited research on maize
seeds and demonstrates that pre-sowing magnetic field treatment, particularly T2, is a cost-effective,
eco-friendly technique for enhancing crop productivity. These results offer a strong basis for integrating
pre-sowing magnetic field treatment technology into modern farming practices and contribute
to the development of sustainable solutions for improving food security in the region.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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