This study aims to reasonably measure the level of scientific and technological innovation. The evaluation index system of scientific and technological innovation level in China is constructed from four aspects: input, effectiveness, environment, and output of scientific and technological innovation. The panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2022 were selected, and the improved CRITIC method and fuzzy matter-element analysis method were used to comprehensively measure the scientific and technological innovation level in China. Then, the Dagum Gini coefficient, kernel density estimation, and exploratory spatial data analysis are used to explore the regional differences and spatial dynamic evolution process of China’s scientific and technological innovation level. The results show that during the sample observation period, the overall level of scientific and technological innovation in China shows an upward trend, with an average annual growth rate of 4.51%. However, the overall level is still low, with only one-third of the provinces reaching the national average level, showing “low in the west and high in the east” characteristics. From the perspective of regional differences, the overall difference in scientific and technological innovation level showed a downward trend, and regional differences were the most important source, with an average contribution rate of 62.82%. From the perspective of dynamic evolution trends, the center position and variation interval of the overall distribution curve of the country gradually moved to the right. The curve had a right-trailing phenomenon, indicating that each region’s scientific and technological innovation level was gradually improving. Still, the overall gap was narrowing, and scientific and technological innovation development showed a two-level differentiation pattern and spatial imbalance.