Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (HTNP) prioritizes preserving its tropical rainforest ecology, requiring careful balance between conservation and surrounding development. This study utilized ArcGIS 10.8, Fragstats 4.2, and GeoDa 1.20 to analyze landscape fragmentation and ecological vulnerability in HTNP and its surroundings from 2002 to 2022, providing a basis for conservation and development zoning. Results showed a higher Largest Patch Index (LPI) within HTNP. At the same time, Patch Density (PD) was greater in urbanized coastal areas but declined in the western, northeastern, and southern outskirts, indicating reduced landscape degradation. Low Landscape Shape Index (LSI) and Shannon’s Evenness Index (SHEI) suggested minimal human impact. Between 2002 and 2007, PD, LPI, LSI, Contagion Index (CONTAG), and SHEI decreased, reducing fragmentation. From 2017 to 2022, PD and LSI declined further, improving landscape integrity, though CONTAG increased due to coastal urbanization. Spatial autocorrelation analysis showed LPI and CONTAG positively correlated with habitat quality, while PD, LSI, and SHEI were negatively correlated, with LPI having the strongest association. Moran’s Index indicated declining PD and CONTAG but increasing LPI, LSI, and SHEI from 2002 to 2022, reflecting landscape and habitat quality changes. These findings support conservation zones, development belts, and buffer zones in HTNP.