Coal and gas outbursts are extremely violent dynamic disasters. Geological structure is the primary factor for controlling outbursts, and dome-basin structure is one of the most dangerous structural types that are prone to cause outbursts. This study reveals the reasons for and characteristics of coal and gas outbursts in a dome-basin structure. According to the analysis of the features and the formation mechanism of a dome-basin structure, combining gas geology theory and gas geology parameters, coal seam characteristics of stress and strain, coal-body structure, and coal seam gas occurrences in a domebasin structure were studied. Based on the change laws of the above three aspects, the influences of domebasin structure on coal and gas outburst was also further analyzed. The results show that the dome-basin structure can be divided into three parts: dome structure, basin structure, and saddle structure. In the saddle structure, the surrounding rock was greatly damaged and the elasticity of the rock strata increased. It is easy to incur tectonic stress concentration. The type of coal-body structure is most of the mylonitic coal of full-layer thickness, and decreased the destruction-resisting ability of a coal seam. Coal seam gas content and pressure are relatively large, and provided beneficial conditions for the coal and gas outburst. Because of these effects, the probability of coal and gas outbursts visibly increased in this area.