ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Efficiency of Various Formulations of Urea Coated
with Bioaugmented (Bacillus sp.) ZnO to Improve
Growth, Yield and Zn Contents of Wheat Grains
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1
Soil Chemistry Section, Ayub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
2
Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, 38040 Pakistan
3
Department of Soil Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100 Pakistan
4
Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, Main Campus,
Defense Road Lahore, 54000 Pakistan
Submission date: 2020-04-08
Final revision date: 2020-05-30
Acceptance date: 2020-06-03
Online publication date: 2020-09-16
Publication date: 2020-11-10
Corresponding author
Azhar Hussain
The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan, Deaprtment of Soil Science, University College of , 63100, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2021;30(1):803-810
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ABSTRACT
Zinc (Zn) biofortification in staple cereal grains is a low-cost and viable option to overcome the
Zn deficiency in humans beings in developing countries. Intensive cropping with no/low micronutrient
fertilization has resulted in soil Zn deficiency around the globe. Moreover, the Zn use efficiency of soils
is usually low owing to its fixation into unavailable forms. Hence, the present study was conducted to
investigate the integrated effects of urea coated with bioaugmented Zn on wheat growth, yield, and
Zn biofortification. The bioaugmented Zn was prepared by inoculating ZnO with Bacillus sp. AZ6.
Three levels (0.5, 1.0, and 1.5%) of ZnO, bioaugmented Zn, and bioaugmented Zn+organic material
were coated on urea fertilizer and applied to investigate the performance of the wheat crop. The applied
treatments were compared with absolute control and sole application of ZnSO4, and Bacillus sp. AZ6.
Results revealed that the application of urea coated with 1.5% bioaugmented Zn significantly increased
wheat growth, yield, and Zn biofortification as compared to the sole ZnSO4, and Bacillus sp. AZ6
treatments. The application of urea coated with 1.5% bioaugmented Zn improved the accumulation of
Zn in shoots and grains by 83.3% and 144.0%, respectively, compared to absolute control. The increase
in grain Zn content was owing to the significant reduction in grain phytic acid (69.9%) and phytate:Zn
molar ratios (87.6%) compared to absolute control. Therefore, it was concluded that the application of
urea coated with bioactivated ZnO can improve Zn biofortification in wheat grain by reducing phytic
acid concentrations, consequently fulfilling human Zn needs through the consumption of such Zn enrich
wheat grains.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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