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eISSN: 2083-5906
ISSN: 1230-1485
ISSN: 1230-1485
REVIEW PAPER
Electrolyte Leakage and Seepage Mechanism
of Electrochemical Energy Storage
Stations in Cold Regions: A Review
1
PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, Hangzhou 311122, China
2
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Chengdu 610065, China
3
College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
Submission date: 2025-06-26
Final revision date: 2025-08-05
Acceptance date: 2025-09-07
Online publication date: 2025-12-09
Publication date: 2026-10-23
Corresponding author
Bo Tan
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, China
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2026;35(5):5559-5571
KEYWORDS
electrochemical energy storagecryogenic electrolyte leakagefreeze-thaw cyclinganisotropic transportcontaminant migration
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
As global deployment of electrochemical energy storage accelerates to support renewable energy
integration, infrastructure in cold regions faces unique electrolyte leakage hazards that threaten
operational safety and environmental integrity. This review synthesizes critical mechanisms governing
electrolyte seepage under subzero conditions, where cryogenic temperatures induce phase separation
(e.g., salt precipitation in Li-ion carbonates, vanadium hydrate crystallization in flow batteries)
and material embrittlement, exacerbating containment failure. Leaked electrolytes exhibit multiphase
transport dynamics dominated by freeze-thaw cycles: ice formation restricts vertical leaching but
generates anisotropic migration pathways through unfrozen brine channels and frost-heaved soil cracks,
while thermal gradients drive directional contaminant spread via solute exclusion and Soret effects.
Physically based models (SHAW, CoupModel, Hydrus-1D) simulate these coupled thermo-hydrochemical
processes, integrating Clapeyron-driven phase transitions and non-Arrhenius ion transport
scaling. However, knowledge gaps persist in quantifying interfacial electrochemistry at ice-electrolyte
boundaries and predicting multicomponent cross-drag in frozen matrices. The analysis establishes
a foundation for designing cryogenic-resilient containment systems, addressing urgent safety and
environmental challenges for energy storage in cold climates.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
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