Different fertilization strategies can affect the quality of grapes, which in turn affect the taste of wine. This study aimed to investigate the effects of different fertilization treatments on soil fertility and wine grape berry quality, as well as the relationship of soil bacterial diversity and fertilization. Six-year-old Vitis vinifera L. cv. Cabernet Sauvignon plants were randomly planted in 25 test plots with five fertilization treatments: no fertilization, chemical fertilizer, organic fertilizer, combined chemical and organic fertilizers, and combined chemical, organic fertilizers and soil conditioner. Chemical properties of soil and grape berry quality indicators were detected. The soil bacterial diversity was analyzed using Illumina sequencing. Chemical fertilizer increased the available P and K contents and total N content, while the addition of organic fertilizers and/or soil conditioner increased their contents and the organic matter. The favorable effects of the application of organic fertilizers and soil conditioners on soil fertility and grape quality might be associated with the abundance changes of soil bacteria, including Gemmatimonadetes and Actinobacteria phyla as well as Rubrobacter and Steroidobacter genera. We concluded that the organic fertilizers and soil conditioners could enhance soil fertility and improve wine grape quality, which might be associated with the changes of soil bacteria of Gemmatimonadetes, Actinobacteria, Rubrobacter and Steroidobacte.