ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Organochlorine Pesticides in Selected Sewage
Sludge in South Africa : Assessment and Method
Validation
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1
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, SAMRC,
Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, National Horticultural Research Institute,
Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
2
Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, South, SAMRC,
Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare
3
SAMRC, Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Applied and Environmental
Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology,
University of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa
Submission date: 2018-08-15
Final revision date: 2018-09-24
Acceptance date: 2018-10-08
Online publication date: 2019-12-05
Publication date: 2020-01-16
Corresponding author
Olufemi T. Ademoyegun
university of Fort Hare, Alice, South Africa, chemistry department, university of Fort Hare, 5700 Alice, South Africa
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2020;29(2):1021-1028
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TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the concentrations of organochlorine pesticides
(OCPs) in sewage sludge from three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), with a view to study their
contribution to the environmental pollution of the Amathole District in Eastern Cape, South Africa.
Analyses were performed by gas chromatography joined with micro electron capture detector (μECD).
The limits of detection (LODs) of the tested congeners varied from 0.04 ng/g α-Lindane (α-BHC) to
0.49 ng/g (endosulfan sulfate), and the limits of quantification ranged from 0.22 ng/g (aldrin)
to 2.17 ng/g δ-lindane (δ-BHC). Total concentrations of the 17 congeners for different seasons
in the sludge ranged from 191 to 947 ng/g dw. For the six predominant congeners, the total highest
concentration levels were found in this order dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), dichlorodiphenyl
dichloroethane (DDD), α-BHC, γ-BHC, aldrin and endosulphate 1, and with values of 1512, 1330, 1095,
998, 994 and 547 ng/g respectively. For this result the contamination levels of some congeners for South
African sludge can be categorized as high compared with European countries, but moderate to lower
compared to other countries worldwide. Some congener (α-BHC, γ-BHC, aldrin, endosulphate 1, DDD
and DDT) contents in the samples exceeded limits set by the European Commission for 1000 ng/g set for
Σ DDT and 500 ng/g for other pesticide use of sludge in agriculture.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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