ORIGINAL RESEARCH
The Relationship between Technology
of Higher Education in the Case
of European Countries, a Panel Approach
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1
Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management, Al. Armii Krajowej 19b, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
2
Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Department of Statistics and Econometrics,
Romania, Institute of National Economy, Romania
3
Széchenyi István University, Faculty of Economics, Hungary
Submission date: 2023-08-31
Final revision date: 2023-10-02
Acceptance date: 2023-10-10
Online publication date: 2024-02-06
Publication date: 2024-03-18
Corresponding author
Joanna Rosak-Szyrocka
Czestochowa University of Technology, Faculty of Management, Al. Armii Krajowej 19b, 42-200 Częstochowa, Poland
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2024;33(3):2813-2821
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ABSTRACT
The educational system of the twenty-first century is student-centered. Students are the generation
that has seen firsthand the enormous expansion of online media represented by the Internet, virtual
reality, and artificial intelligence, which has increased the relevance of digital competence in higher
education. This is because they are the ones who have grown up with the rapid development of computer
networks and who have firsthand knowledge of those technologies. Additionally, the epidemic has raised
public awareness of the need of for digital literacy. The increasing digitalization and modernization
of every area of our lives to satisfy the needs of modern education is creating new chances for both
teaching and learning. The world over, more and more technology is being used to improve training
and education, which eliminates the need to take into account regional factors that are associated with
traditional education. More and more educational establishments are using technology to improve
instruction. The paper’s primary objective is to pinpoint the internet-related and digitalization-related
variables that have an impact on higher education in European nations using the following indicators:
patent applications, resident population, high-tech exports, research and development spending, and
school enrollment at the tertiary level (% gross). Due to data availability, the sample includes 40 nations
over the period 1996-2020. The World Bank database is the source of the information. Panel-data VAR
and panel Granger causality were the methodologies we used. Our findings suggested that the Internet
and digitalization considerably impact higher education because high-technology exports represent both
the internet and digitalization.