Soil fungi play a vital role in nutrient cycling and plant growth within forest ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of soil fungal communities in Platycladus orientalis forests of different forest ages can provide a theoretical basis for the management, restoration, and sustainable development of oriental leopard plantation forests. In the present study, rhizosphere soil samples were collected from 10-, 23-, 35-, and 46-year-old P. orientalis plantations to investigate the diversity and community structure of soil fungi using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technology. The results showed that soil available nitrogen, total nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen (NN), total potassium, available potassium, and soil organic matter contents increased significantly with increasing stand age, while total phosphorus (TP) content decreased significantly. Furthermore, available phosphorus (AP) content initially increased and then decreased; the relative abundance of pathotrophs in the soil gradually increased and then stabilized, the saprotrophs increased gradually, and the symbiotrophs initially increased and then decreased. Furthermore, distance-based redundancy analysis identified soil pH, NN, and AP contents as the primary factors influencing fungal community composition. Structural equation modeling revealed a significant positive correlation between pH and symbiotrophs. Contrastingly, pH and TP were significantly negatively correlated with pathotrophs. P. orientalis forest plantation significantly altered soil physicochemical properties, which subsequently affected the soil fungal community. Increasing the soil pH and TP content in the study area would promote the growth and development of P. orientalis forests.