To protect and optimize the landscape ecology of the Yellow River’s middle and lower reaches, this study evaluates the landscape ecology of the Yellow River’s middle and lower reaches. This study found that between 2000 and 2020, the area of grassland landscape in the Yellow River’s middle and lower reaches gradually decreased, with its shape index and patch shape index decreasing to 10.6 and 1.1. Moreover, the number of patches in forest and grassland types increased to 239 and 189, and the fragmentation degree of patches in forest and grassland types increased. Therefore, on the basis of the unreasonable spatial structure and high degree of fragmentation of the landscape ecology in the Yellow River’s middle and lower reaches, this study proposes strategies for optimizing land use and spatial structure in the Yellow River’s middle and lower reaches and strategies for constructing ecological core areas. This is to achieve the restoration and protection of geomorphic landscapes, maintain the ecological balance, and promote sustainable advancement in the region. By studying the ecological assessment of geomorphic landscapes and the optimization of ecological space in the Yellow River’s middle and lower reaches, scientific basis and decision-making support will be provided for the ecological environment protection and sustainable advancement of the Yellow River Basin.