This study investigated the pollution characteristics of heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Hg, Pb) in the sediments of the Hongfeng Reservoir in Guizhou. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was used to evaluate the pollution level of heavy metals in the study area. The toxicity risk index method determined the biological harmful toxicity of heavy metals and the principal component analysis method determined the source of pollution of the heavy metals. The results show that the pollution level of heavy metals in the study area ranges from no pollution to strong pollution, and Ni and Zn have strong biological toxicity. According to the principal component analysis, domestic and industrial sewage and agricultural activities are the main pollution sources of Cu, Ni and Zn. The pollution sources of Cd, Pb and As are mainly the discharge of pollutants around the reservoir, industrial activities and human activities.