About the Journal
In Memory of Professor Jerzy Radecki
Ownership and Management Statement
Editorial Office
Editorial Board
Scope
Impact Factor
Indexed by
Journal Impact Factor contributing items
Publication Frequency
Revenue Sources & Business Model
Contact
Subscription
Current issue
Online first
Instructions for Authors
Copyright & Licensing
Publication Fees
Editorial policies
Publication Policy Overview
Peer Review Policy
Research Ethics and Malpractice Policy
Plagiarism Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Open Access Policy
Instructions for Reviewers
Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies Policy
Advertising Policy
Direct Marketing & Manuscript Solicitation
Digital Archiving and Preservation Policy
CrossMark, Correction, and Retraction Policy
Archive
Publication Fees
Copyright & Licensing
Editorial policies
Publication Policy Overview
Peer Review Policy
Research Ethics and Malpractice Policy
Plagiarism Policy
Conflict of Interest Policy
Open Access Policy
Instructions for Reviewers
Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies Policy
Advertising Policy
Direct Marketing & Manuscript Solicitation
Digital Archiving and Preservation Policy
CrossMark, Correction, and Retraction Policy
eISSN: 2083-5906
ISSN: 1230-1485
ISSN: 1230-1485
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Monitoring Macroalgae Blooms in the Yellow Sea
during 2022 Based on Huanjingjianzai-2
A/2B Satellite Imagery
1
School of Mathematics and Information Science (School of Data Science), Shandong Technology
and Business University, No. 191, Binhai Middle Road, Laishan District, Yantai City 264005, China
Submission date: 2025-05-28
Final revision date: 2025-07-10
Acceptance date: 2025-08-10
Online publication date: 2025-09-29
Corresponding author
Deyu An
School of Mathematics and Information Science (School of Data Science), Shandong Technology and Business University, No. 191, Binhai Middle Road, Laishan District, Yantai City 264005, China
School of Mathematics and Information Science (School of Data Science), Shandong Technology and Business University, No. 191, Binhai Middle Road, Laishan District, Yantai City 264005, China
KEYWORDS
macroalgae bloomsUlva proliferaHJ-2 CCDdetection capabilityspatio-temporal variation characteristics
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The differences in spatial resolution between multi-source images can result in noticeable variations
in estimations of the area covered by macroalgae. Even methods like pixel un-mixing and relational
models cannot eliminate this issue entirely. The Huanjingjianzai-2A/2B (HJ-2) satellite’s wide-view
charge-coupled device (CCD) camera provides fine spatial resolution (16 m) and high temporal resolution
(2 days), effectively resolving the problems associated with using images of different resolutions.
This paper evaluated the macroalgae detection capability of HJ-2 CCD and analyzed the spatiotemporal
variations of macroalgae blooms (MABs) in 2022 based on HJ-2 imagery. The results indicated that
the macroalgae detection capability of HJ-2 CCD was on par with that of GF-1 WFV. The spatiotemporal
variation of MABs in 2022 was similar to the variation of previous years. The annual distribution
density level (representing the degree to which MABs were affecting the Yellow Sea) offshore of
Rizhao and Lianyungang during the dissipation phase in 2022 was higher than in the previous years.
These results support the potential of utilizing high-resolution remote sensing for the dynamic
monitoring of MABs in terms of both spatial and temporal aspects.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
REFERENCES (40)
1.
SMETACEK V., ZINGONE A. Green and golden seaweed tides on the rise. Nature. 504 (7478), 84, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature....
2.
WANG M., HU C., BARNES B., MITCHUM G., LAPOINTE B., MONTOYA J. The great Atlantic Sargassum belt. Science. 365 (6448), 83, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1126/scienc....
3.
HU C., QI L., HU L., CUI T., XING Q., HE M., WANG N., XIAO Y., SUN D., LU Y., YUAN C., WU M., WANG C., CHEN Y., XU H., SUN L., GUO M., WANG M. Mapping Ulva prolifera green tides from space: A revisit on algorithm design and data products. International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation. 116, 103173, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.....
4.
LIU D., KEESING J., XING Q., SHI P. World's largest macroalgal bloom caused by expansion of seaweed aquaculture in China. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 58 (6), 888, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marp....
5.
XING Q., HU C., TANG D., TIAN L., TANG S., WANG X., LOU M., GAO X. World's largest macroalgal blooms altered phytoplankton biomass in summer in the Yellow Sea: satellite observations. Remote Sensing. 7 (9), 12297, 2015. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs7091....
6.
WEI Q., WANG B., YAO Q., FU M., SUN J., XU B., YU Z. Hydro-biogeochemical processes and their implications for Ulva prolifera blooms and expansion in the world's largest green tide occurrence region (Yellow Sea, China). Science of the Total Environment. 645, 257, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
7.
ZHANG Q., KONG F., YAN T., YU R., HU X., MIAO H., ZHOU M. Green algae detached from aquaculture rafts into seawater resulted in green tide occurrence in the Yellow Sea. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica. 49 (5), 1014, 2018 [In Chinese].
8.
CAO Y., WU Y., FANG Z., CUI X., LIANG J., SONG X. Spatiotemporal patterns and morphological characteristics of Ulva prolifera distribution in the Yellow Sea, China in 2016-2018. Remote Sensing. 11 (4), 445, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1104....
9.
SONG D., GAO Z., XU F., AI J., NING J., SHANG W., JIANG X. Spatial and temporal variability of the green tide in the South Yellow Sea in 2017 deciphered from the GOCI image. Oceanologis et Limnologis Sinica. 49 (5), 1068, 2018 [In Chinese].
10.
LI X., LI C., BAI Y., SHI X., SU R. Composition variations and spatiotemporal dynamics of dissolved organic matters during the occurrence of green tide (Ulva prolifera blooms) in the Southern Yellow Sea, China. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 146, 619, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marp....
11.
HAN L., YANG G., LIU C., JIN Y., LIU T. Emissions of biogenic sulfur compounds and their regulation by nutrients during an Ulva prolifera bloom in the Yellow Sea. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 162, 111885, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marp....
12.
ZHAO J., GENG H., ZHANG Q., LI Y., KONG F., YAN T., ZHOU M., YANG D., YUAN Y., YU R. Green Tides in the Yellow Sea promoted the proliferation of pelagophyte Aureococcus anophagefferens. Environmental Science & Technology. 56 (5), 3056, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.es....
13.
MENG X., WANG L., ZHOU S., SU R., SHI X., ZHANG C. Seasonal dynamics of amino acids in the Southern Yellow Sea: Feedback on the mechanism of green tides caused by Ulva prolifera. Science of the Total Environment. 654, 176360, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
14.
SUN B., ZHAO X., QU T., ZHONG Y., GUAN C., HOU C., TANG L., TANG X., WANG Y. The causal link between nitrogen structure and physiological processes of Ulva prolifera as the causative species of green tides. Science of the Total Environment. 953, 176170, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
15.
QI L., HU C., XING Q., SHANG S. Long-term trend of Ulva prolifera blooms in the western Yellow Sea. Harmful Algae. 58, 35, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.....
16.
CHEN Y., SUN D., ZHANG H., WANG S., QIU Z., HE Y. Remote-sensing monitoring of green tide and its drifting trajectories in Yellow Sea based on observation data of Geostationary Ocean Color Imager. Acta Optica Sinica. 40 (3), 7, 2020 [In Chinese]. https://doi.org/10.3788/AOS202....
17.
CUI B., ZHANG H., JING W., LIU H., CUI J. SRSe-Net: Super-resolution-based semantic segmentation network for green tide extraction. Remote Sensing. 14 (3), 710, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1403....
18.
JI M., DOU X., ZHAO C., ZHU J. Exploring the green tide transport mechanisms and evaluating leeway coefficient estimation via Moderate-Resolution Geostationary images. Remote Sensing. 16 (16), 2934, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1616....
19.
SUN X., WU M., XING Q., SONG X., ZHAO D., HAN Q., ZHANG G. Spatio-temporal patterns of Ulva prolifera blooms and the corresponding influence on chlorophyll-a concentration in the Southern Yellow Sea, China. Science of the Total Environment. 640, 807, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
20.
XING Q., AN D., ZHENG X., WEI Z., WANG X., LI L., TIAN L., CHEN J. Monitoring seaweed aquaculture in the Yellow Sea with multiple sensors for managing the disaster of macroalgal blooms. Remote Sensing of Environment. 231, 111279, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.....
21.
AN D., YU D., ZHENG X., ZHOU Y., MENG L., XING Q. Monitoring the dissipation of the floating green macroalgae blooms in the Yellow Sea (2007-2020) on the basis of satellite remote sensing. Remote Sensing. 13 (19), 3811, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1319....
22.
WANG X., LIU H., XING Q., LIU J., DING J., JIN S. Application of HY-1 CZI satellite images in monitoring of green tide in Yellow Sea. National Remote Sensing Bulletin. 27 (1), 146, 2023 [In Chinese].
23.
AN D., XING Q., YU D., PAN S. A simple method for estimating macroalgae area under clouds on MODIS imagery. Frontiers in Marine Science. 9, 995731, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.....
24.
LI L., ZHENG X., WEI Z., ZOU J., XING Q. A spectral-mixing model for estimating sub-pixel coverage of sea-surface floating macroalgae. Atmosphere-Ocean. 56 (4), 296, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1080/070559....
25.
YIN Z., TANG J., LU Y., LIU Y., DUAN H., JIAO J., XING Q., LI J., LIU Y. Characterizing distribution patterns of small algae patches across the northern and southern sides of the Yellow Sea front using synchronous CZI-MODIS images. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 46 (10), 3831, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311....
26.
XING Q., HU C. Mapping macroalgal blooms in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea using HJ-1 and Landsat data: Application of a virtual baseline reflectance height technique. Remote Sensing of Environment. 178, 113, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.....
27.
YU T., PENG X., WANG Y., XU S., LIANG C., WANG Z. Green tide cover area monitoring and prediction based on multi-source remote sensing fusion. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 215, 117921, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marp....
28.
XU Q., ZHANG H., CHENG Y. Multi-sensor monitoring of Ulva prolifera blooms in the Yellow Sea using different methods. Frontiers of Earth Science. 10, 378, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11707....
29.
XIAO Y., ZHANG J., CUI T. High-precision extraction of nearshore green tides using satellite remote sensing data of the Yellow Sea, China. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 38 (6), 1626, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1080/014311....
30.
CUI T., LIANG X., GONG J., TANG C., XIAO Y., LIU R., ZHANG X., ZHANG J. Assessing and refining the satellite-derived massive green macro-algal coverage in the Yellow Sea with high resolution images. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 144, 315, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ispr....
31.
XING Q., WU L., TIAN L., CUI T., LI L., KONG F., GAO X., WU M. Remote sensing of early-stage green tide in the Yellow Sea for floating-macroalgae collecting campaign. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 133, 150, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marp....
32.
HU L., ZENG K., HU C., HE M. On the remote estimation of Ulva prolifera areal coverage and biomass. Remote Sensing of Environment. 223, 194, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.....
33.
XIE Y., HOU W., LI Z., ZHU S., LIU Z., HONG J., MA Y., FAN C., GUANG J., YANG B., LEI X., HUANG H., SUN X., LIU X., ZHANG Y., SONG M., ZOU P., QIAO Y. Columnar water vapor retrieval by using data from the Polarized Scanning Atmospheric Corrector (PSAC) onboard HJ-2A/B satellites. Remote Sensing. 14 (6), 1376, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1406....
34.
HU C. A novel ocean color index to detect floating algae in the global oceans. Remote Sensing of Environment. 113 (10), 2118, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.....
35.
SHANG W., GAO Z., JIANG X., TIAN X., GUO S. Estimation of green tide stranded biomass in the Yellow Sea based on unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing. Marine Sciences. 45 (10), 11, 2021 [In Chinese].
36.
WANG Z., FAN B., YU D., FAN Y., AN D., PAN S. Monitoring the spatio-temporal distribution of Ulva prolifera in the Yellow Sea (2020-2022) based on satellite remote sensing. Remote Sensing. 15, 157, 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1501....
37.
GUO L., YANG J., SHI L., ZHAN Y., ZHAO D., ZHANG C., SUN J., JI J. Comparative study of image fusion algorithms for SPOT6. Remote Sensing for Land and Resources. 26 (4), 71, 2014 [In Chinese].
38.
LI P., DONG L., XIAO H., XU M. A cloud image detection method based on SVM vector machine. Neurocomputing. 169 (2), 34, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuc....
39.
MA Y., WONG K., TSOU J., ZHANG Y. Investigating spatial distribution of green-tide in the Yellow Sea in 2021 using combined optical and SAR images. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 10 (2), 127, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse10....
40.
TANG P., DU P., GUO S., QIE L., FANG H. Spatio-temporal dynamic monitoring of Ulva prolifera in the South Yellow Sea based on Sentinel-1 SAR images. National Remote Sensing Bulletin. 28 (8), 2030, 2024 [In Chinese].
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
