ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Optimized Synthesis of Lanthanum-Modified
{201}-Faceted TiO2 for Enhanced
Fluoride Adsorption
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1
State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants, Beijing Special Engineering Design
and Research Institute, Beijing 100028, China
2
Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
Submission date: 2025-07-13
Final revision date: 2025-09-29
Acceptance date: 2025-10-23
Online publication date: 2025-12-10
Corresponding author
Yaqin Yu
Center for Environmental Metrology, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
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ABSTRACT
The imperative for efficient co-removal of arsenic (As) and fluoride (F-) motivated the strategic
immobilization of lanthanum (La) species onto {201}-faceted TiO2 – a material exhibiting exceptional
affinity toward arsenic species. Among three synthesis routes evaluated (incipient wetness impregnation,
one-step solvothermal, and two-step hydrothermal methods), the two-step hydrothermal approach
demonstrated superior fluoride sequestration performance. Subsequent optimization of synthesis pH
and calcination temperature ( pH = 7 .5, 300oC) further enhanced F- removal efficacy. Nevertheless,
the significant disparity in ionic radii between La3+ (1.032 Å) and Ti4+ (0.605 Å) inhibits direct
substitution within O–Ti–O bonds, limiting the formation of stable O–La–O configurations and
consequently constraining fluoride uptake capacity. This study provides a foundational framework
for fabricating multifunctional bimetallic oxides incorporating high-index facets for complex water
remediation scenarios.