About the Journal
In Memory of Professor Jerzy Radecki
Editorial Office
Editorial Board
Scope
Impact Factor
Indexed in...
Journal Impact Factor contributing items
Contact
Subscription
Current issue
Online first
Notes to Authors
Frequently Asked Questions
Editorial policies
PJOES Publication Policy Overview
PJOES Peer Review Policy
PJOES Research Ethics and Malpractice Policy
PJOES Plagiarism Policy
PJOES Conflict of Interest Policy
PJOES Open Access Policy
PJOES Instructions for Reviewers
Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies Policy
Archive
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Spatial Scale Effects of 2D and 3D Urban
Landscape Pattern on Atmospheric Particulate
Matter and Their Seasonal Changes
1
School of Tourism and Geography, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
2
Jiangxi Yangtze River Economic Zone Research Institute, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
3
School of Resources and Environment, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang 332005, China
Submission date: 2024-09-04
Final revision date: 2024-11-19
Acceptance date: 2024-12-02
Online publication date: 2025-03-10
Publication date: 2026-01-30
Corresponding author
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2026;35(1):929-943
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The urban landscape pattern has critical effects on atmospheric particulate matter (PM) pollution.
However, the effects may greatly differ with variations of the spatial scales and seasons, which remains
poorly understood. This study established a multiple spatial scale analysis on the impact of the urban
landscape pattern on PM pollution across different seasons in Nanchang, China, via regular and
redundancy analysis (RDA). Six 2D and six 3D metrics were employed to characterize the landscape
pattern with buffer radii of 100, 300, 600, 900, 1,200, 2,400, and 4,800 m centered at monitoring
stations. Results showed that the effects of the urban landscape pattern on PM pollution have significant
seasonal differences and spatial scale effects. Urban landscape pattern has a stronger influence on PM
pollution in fall and winter than in spring and summer. The explanatory ability of selected metrics on
PM concentrations first increased, then decreased, and finally increased as the scales increased, and
the highest accumulated explanatory ability was observed at the 900 m scale. At smaller scales (buffer
radii ≤ 900 m), the ability of 3D metrics was stronger than 2D metrics to explain the PM changes, and
at larger scales (buffer radii ≥ 1,200 m), the 2D metrics were more explanatory. Percentage of building
landscape (PLAND) and patch cohesion index (COHESION) were the key 2D metrics affecting PM
pollution, and spatial congestion degree (SCD) and landscape enclosing degree (LED) were the key
3D metrics. The results provide important implications in urban planning for effective PM pollution
mitigation.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
REFERENCES (49)
1.
LIU J., MA T., CHEN J., PENG X., ZHANG Y., WANG Y., PENG J., SHI G., WEI Y., GAO J. Insights into PM2.5 pollution of four small and medium-sized cities in Chinese representative regions: Chemical compositions, sources and health risks. Science of The Total Environment. 918, 170620, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
2.
World Health Organization. World health statistics 2019: Monitoring health for the SDGs, sustainable development goals. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2019.
3.
COLLABORATORS G.B.D., ÄRNLÖV J. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. The Lancet. 396 (10258), 1223, 2020.
4.
WU Y., HU J., IRFAN M., HU M. Vertical decentralization, environmental regulation, and enterprise pollution: an evolutionary game analysis. Journal of Environmental Management. 349, 119449, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenv....
5.
CHEN T., ZHOU P., XU W., LIU Y., SUN S. Spatial-temporal evolution characteristics and influencing factors of PM2.5 in the Yangtze River Basin. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 33 (2), 1611, 2024. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
6.
TAO Y., ZHANG Z., OU W., GUO J., PUEPPKE S.G. How does urban form influence PM2.5 concentrations: Insights from 350 different-sized cities in the rapidly urbanizing Yangtze River Delta region of China, 1998-2015. Cities. 98, 102581, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.citi....
7.
CAO Q., LUAN Q., LIU Y., WANG R. The effects of 2D and 3D building morphology on urban environments: A multi-scale analysis in the Beijing metropolitan region. Building and Environment. 192, 107635, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
8.
ZHANG A., XIA C., LI W. Exploring the effects of 3D urban form on urban air quality: Evidence from fifteen megacities in China. Sustainable Cities and Society. 78, 103649, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.....
9.
YU Y., WANG J., YU J., CHEN H., LIU V. Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 in the urban agglomeration of China's Yangtze River Delta. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 28 (1), 445, 2019. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
10.
LI T.Y., DENG X.J., LI Y., SONG Y.S., LI L.Y., TAN H.B., WANG C.L. Transport paths and vertical exchange characteristics of haze pollution in Southern China. Science of The Total Environment. 62, 1074, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
11.
FENG H., ZOU B., TANG Y. Scale and region-dependence in landscape-PM2.5 correlation: Implications for urban planning. Remote Sensing. 9, 918, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs9090....
12.
ZHAO X., ZHOU W., WU T., HAN L. The impacts of urban structure on PM2.5 pollution depend on city size and location. Environmental Pollution. 292, 118302, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envp....
13.
LEE C. Impacts of multi-scale urban form on PM2.5 concentrations using continuous surface estimates with high-resolution in U.S. metropolitan areas. Landscape and Urban Planning. 204, 103935, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
14.
SUN J., ZHOU T., WANG D. Relationships between urban form and air quality: A reconsideration based on evidence from China's five urban agglomerations during the COVID-19 pandemic. Land Use Policy. 118, 106155, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
15.
LI F., ZHOU T. Effects of urban form on air quality in China: An analysis based on the spatial autoregressive model. Cities. 89, 130, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.citi....
16.
HUANG C., HU T., DUAN Y., LI Q., CHEN N., WANG Q., ZHOU M., RAO P. Effect of urban morphology on air pollution distribution in high-density urban blocks based on mobile monitoring and machine learning. Building and Environment. 219, 109173, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
17.
KE B., HU W., HUANG D., ZHANG J., LI X., LI C., JIN X., CHEN J. Three-dimensional building morphology impacts on PM2.5 distribution in urban landscape settings in Zhejiang, China. Science of The Total Environment. 826, 154094, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
18.
TAN X., ZHOU Z., WANG W. Relationships between urban form and PM2.5 concentrations from the spatial pattern and process perspective. Building and Environment. 234, 110147, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
19.
ZHAO X., ZHOU W., HAN L. The spatial and seasonal complexity of PM2.5 pollution in cities from a social-ecological perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production. 309, 127476, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle....
20.
WU W., WANG Y., LIU M., LI C. A review on the use of landscape indices to study the effects of three-dimensional urban landscape patterns on haze pollution in China. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. 30 (4), 2957, 2021. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes....
21.
LIU Y., CHEN C., LI J., CHEN W.Q. Characterizing three-dimensional (3-D) morphology of residential buildings by landscape metrics. Landscape Ecology. 35, 2587, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980....
22.
WU W.B., YU Z.W., MA J., ZHAO B. Quantifying the influence of 2D and 3D urban morphology on the thermal environment across climatic zones. Landscape and Urban Planning. 226, 104499, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
23.
TIAN Y., DESOUZA P., MORA S., YAO X., DUARTE F., NORFORD L.K., LIN H., RATTI C. Evaluating the meteorological effects on the urban form-air quality relationship using mobile monitoring. Environmental Science and Technology. 56 (11), 7328, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.es....
24.
ZHOU W., TIAN Y. Effects of urban three-dimensional morphology on thermal environment: a review. Acta Ecologica Sinica. 40 (2), 416, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb20....
25.
YANG H.O., LENG Q.M., XIAO Y.F., CHEN W.B. Investigating the impact of urban landscape composition and configuration on PM2.5 concentration under the LCZ scheme: a case study in Nanchang, China. Sustainable Cities and Society. 84, 104006, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.....
26.
YANG H.O., CHEN W.B., LIANG Z.F. Impact of land use on PM2.5 pollution in a representative city of middle China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (5), 462, 2017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
27.
LABETSKI A., VITALIS S., BILJECKI F., ARROYO OHORI K., STOTER J. 3D building metrics for urban morphology. International Journal of Geographical Information Science. 37 (1), 36, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/136588....
28.
HU C., WU W., ZHOU X., WANG Z. Spatiotemporal changes in landscape patterns in karst mountainous regions based on the optimal landscape scale: A case study of Guiyang City in Guizhou Province, China. Ecological Indicators. 150, 110211, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
29.
LIOU Y.A., NGUYEN Q.V., NGUYEN K.A., VO T.H. Human-greenspace interactions with outdoor air: Landscape metric and PLS-SEM approach. Journal of Cleaner Production. 469, 143077, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle....
30.
LIU Y., WU J., YU D. The relationship between urban form and air pollution depends on seasonality and city size. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 25, 15554, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356....
31.
PARVAR Z., MOHAMMADZADEH M., SAEIDI S. LCZ framework and landscape metrics: Exploration of urban and peri-urban thermal environment emphasizing 2/3D characteristics. Building and Environment. 254, 111370, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
32.
LI X., YANG B., XU G., LIANG F., JIANG T., DONG Z. Exploring the impact of 2-D/3-D building morphology on the land surface temperature: a case study of three megacities in China. IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing. 14, 4933, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSTARS....
33.
HUANG X., WANG Y. Investigating the effects of 3D urban morphology on the surface urban heat island effect in urban functional zones by using high-resolution remote sensing data: a case study of Wuhan, central China. ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing. 152, 119, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ispr....
34.
XU M., XU G., LI Z., DANG Y., LI Q., MIN Z., GU F., WANG B., LIU S., ZHANG Y. Effects of comprehensive landscape patterns on water quality and identification of key metrics thresholds causing its abrupt changes. Environmental Pollution. 333, 122097, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envp....
35.
TANG J., GONG L., MA X., ZHU H., DING Z., LUO Y., ZHANG H. The oasisization process promotes the transformation of soil organic carbon into soil inorganic carbon. Land. 13, 336, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13....
36.
TIAN Y., YAO X., MU L., FAN Q., LIU Y. Integrating meteorological factors for better understanding of the urban form-air quality relationship. Landscape Ecology. 35, 2357, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10980....
37.
MIAO C., YU S., HU Y., LIU M., YAO J., ZHANG Y., HE X., CHEN W. Seasonal effects of street trees on particulate matter concentration in an urban street canyon. Sustainable Cities and Society. 73, 103095, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.....
38.
SHI K., LI Y., CHEN Y., LI L., HUANG C. How does the urban form-PM2.5 concentration relationship change seasonally in Chinese cities? Journal of Cleaner Production. 239, 118088, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle....
39.
ZHAO S., FENG T., TIE X., LI G., CAO J. Air pollution zone migrates south driven by East Asian winter monsoon and climate change. Geophysical Research Letters. 48 (10), e2021GL092672, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021GL....
40.
SHI K., WANG H., YANG Q., WANG L., SUN X., LI Y. Exploring the relationships between urban forms and fine particulate (PM2.5) concentration in China: a multi-perspective study. Journal of Cleaner Production. 231, 990, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle....
41.
ZHOU Y., YANG Y., WANG H., WANG J., LI M., LI H., WANG P., ZHU J., LI K., LIAO H. Summer ozone pollution in China affected by the intensity of Asian monsoon systems. Science of the Total Environment. 849, 157785, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
42.
POPE R., WU J. Characterizing air pollution patterns on multiple time scales in urban areas: a landscape ecological approach. Urban Ecosystems. 17, 855, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252....
43.
HAN L., ZHAO J., GAO Y., GU Z., XIN K., ZHANG J. Spatial distribution characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 in Xi'an City predicted by land use regression models. Sustainable Cities and Society. 61, 102329, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.....
44.
SHI Y., LAU K.K.L., NG E. Developing street-level PM2.5 and PM10 land use regression models in high-density Hong Kong with urban morphological factors. Environmental Science and Technology. 50 (15), 8178, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.es....
45.
SHI Y., XIE X., FUNG J.C.H., NG E. Identifying critical building morphological design factors of street-level air pollution dispersion in high-density built environment using mobile monitoring. Building and Environment. 128, 248, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
46.
SHI Y., REN C., LAU K.K.L., NG E. Investigating the influence of urban land use and landscape pattern on PM2.5 spatial variation using mobile monitoring and WUDAPT. Landscape and Urban Planning. 189, 15, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
47.
MENG J., HAN W., YUAN C. Seasonal and multi-scale difference of the relationship between built-up land landscape pattern and PM2.5 concentration distribution in Nanjing. Ecological Indicators. 156, 111079, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
48.
HU J. Synergistic effect of pollution reduction and carbon emission mitigation in the digital economy. Journal of Environmental Management. 337, 117755, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenv....
49.
CHEN M., DAI F., YANG B., ZHU S. Effects of urban green space morphological pattern on variation of PM2.5 concentration in the neighborhoods of five Chinese megacities. Building and Environment. 158, 1, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
