The coupling coordination between the development of the digital economy and the construction of an ecological civilization is an important topic for the high-quality coordinated development of China’s economy and society. This study is based on panel data from 31 provinces and cities in China from 2013 to 2020. It utilizes the entropy method, coupling coordination degree model, and panel Tobit model to calculate the coupling coordination degree between the development of the digital economy and the construction of an ecological civilization, and to analyze the influencing factors. The results indicate that the overall coupling coordination degree of the two systems has been increasing year by year at the national level, with the development status transitioning from a mildly imbalanced state to a state on the brink of imbalance. The eastern region of China has the highest coupling coordination degree between the two systems, while the central and western regions both lag behind the national average, demonstrating a gradient decline in coupling coordination development across the eastern, central, and western regions. Urbanization, human capital, industrial structure, technological innovation, and government management have a significant positive impact on the coupling coordination degree of the two systems at the national level, while openness to the outside world has a significant negative impact. The impact of these influencing factors on the development of coupling coordination between the two systems exhibits significant heterogeneity across the eastern, central, and western regions, and each region should promote the development of coupling coordination based on local conditions, timing, and circumstances.