This paper constructs an agricultural carbon welfare performance indicator based on the “Two Mountains Theory” and the concept of green agriculture, which takes into account people’s welfare and the environment, trying to answer the driving effects of “Internet + Agricultural Insurance” on welfare levels and environmental protection in different rural areas of China. Using Chinese provincial dynamic panel data from 2007-2017, a time-individual double fixed-effects model and a systematic GMM model were constructed to empirically find that at the national level, agricultural insurance contributes to agricultural carbon emissions, thereby weakening agricultural carbon welfare performance. The Internet contributes to agricultural carbon welfare performance. The joint effect of the Internet and agricultural insurance on agricultural carbon welfare performance is characterised by an Internet-led facilitation effect in the form of lower agricultural carbon emissions and higher rural welfare. This finding confirms the synergistic governance effect of “ Internet + Agricultural Insurance” on high quality green development in agriculture and provides strong evidence for the implementation of this model.