Agricultural industry agglomeration is an important driving force for the green and high-quality development of agriculture. Based on the perspective of agricultural industry agglomeration, this paper discusses the impact of agricultural industry agglomeration on the level of green development of agriculture, which is of great significance for the realization of sustainable development of agriculture and the implementation of the “double carbon” goal. Based on the panel data of 30 provinces (municipalities) and autonomous regions in China from 2011 to 2020, the non-expected Super-SBM model and location entropy index method were used to measure the efficiency of agricultural green development and the level of agricultural industry agglomeration. The spatial Dubin model, tradition and spatial Markov chain were used to demonstrate the influence of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural green development efficiency and its spatio-temporal dynamic evolution.The results showed that: (1) There was spatial autocorrelation in agricultural green development efficiency. Areas with higher agricultural green development efficiency will drive the improvement of agricultural green development efficiency in surrounding areas, with a positive spillover effect. (2) Industrial agglomeration can improve the efficiency of agricultural green development, and this enhancement has spatial spillover. (3) The influence of agricultural industrial agglomeration on agricultural green development efficiency and its spatial spillover have regional heterogeneity. The spillover effect of AIA to AGDE in the eastern region is greater than that in the central and western regions. Based on this, it is necessary to grasp the spatial correlation law of provincial agriculture, promote the sustainable development of regional agriculture, optimize the allocation of resources, and put forward policy implications for the improvement of agricultural green efficiency from the aspects of financial support, industrialization, human capital and urbanization.