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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Transforming Conocarpus Hedge Waste
into a Highly Effective Iron/Manganese
Nanocomposite Biochar for Efficient Methylene
Blue Dye Removal from Aqueous Solution
1
Agricultural Engineering Department, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
2
Alamoudi Water Research Chair, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
3
Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982,
Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Submission date: 2024-03-10
Final revision date: 2024-04-15
Acceptance date: 2024-05-05
Online publication date: 2024-09-24
Publication date: 2025-01-28
Corresponding author
Muhammad Shafiq
Alamoudi Water Research Chair, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Alamoudi Water Research Chair, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(3):3033-3045
KEYWORDS
Fe/Mn-C.biochar nanocompositeConocarpus wasteadsorption kinetics and isothermssurface complexationmethylene blue dyesustainable adsorbent
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
In this study, we delve into the synthesis of Conocarpus (pruning waste) biochar (C.biochar) and its
composite with Iron/Manganese (Fe/Mn-C.biochar) through a modified wet impregnation method. Batch
adsorption experiments were conducted to evaluate the methylene blue (MB) removal efficiency
of C.biochar and Fe/Mn-C.biochar composite from aqueous solution. Several key factors were analyzed,
namely, contact time, adsorbent dose, pH level, and MB concentration. Fe/Mn-C.biochar composite
showcased remarkable MB removal efficiency, exhibiting a 100% removal rate, whereas C.biochar alone
removed 25% MB. Adsorption capacity peaked at 97.41 mg g-1 within 60 minutes of contact time. pH
values significantly influenced the adsorption process, indicating improved removal efficacy at both
acidic and alkaline conditions. This improvement is potentially attributed to surface complexation
and the interaction between metal ions in the composite. A kinetic study was conducted, favoring
the pseudo-second-order model. MB dye removal data exhibited best fit to Temkin and D–R models that
showcased chemisorption, reinforcing the suitability of the composite for successful adsorption. FTIR
analysis revealed the presence of diverse functional groups in the synthesized nanocomposites. For Fe/
Mn-C.biochar composites, the IR analysis exhibited peaks associated with metal-oxygen vibrations,
emphasizing the incorporation of Fe and Mn. However, the peak intensities related to Fe and Mn reduced
after the adsorption of MB, suggesting the creation of complexes between the dye molecules and metal
oxides. Additionally, morphological studies and EDS analysis further confirmed that the weight ratio
of Fe and Mn decreased in the MB-adsorbed nanocomposites. These mechanisms provide a sustainable
and optimistic solution for the elimination of MB dye.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
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