Analyzing the spatial distribution of meteorological factors and air pollutants and its correlation is of great importance for urban air pollution prevention. This study explored the spatial distribution of meteorological factors and air pollutants, analyzed the correlation between meteorological factors and air pollutants, and revealed the main meteorological factors that influence the air pollutants in 31 provincial capitals of China during 2010-2020. The results show that the spatial distribution characteristics of air pollutants and the days of air quality equal to or above grade II in 31 provincial capitals of China during 2010-2020 vary obviously. The days of air quality equal to or above grade II are negatively correlated with the annual average concentration of NO₂ and annual average concentration of PM₁₀ during 2010-2020, and annual average concentration of SO₂ during 2010 to 2018. The temperature, precipitation, and relative humidity are the main meteorological factors affecting the air quality in different seasons in 31 provincial capitals of China during 2010-2020. The findings will provide a scientific basis for atmospheric environment control and urban air quality forecast.