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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Coconut Shell Biochar Catalyst Activates Sodium
Percarbonate for Rapid Rhodamine B Removal:
Efficiency, Influencing Factors, and Mechanisms
1
State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
2
Centre for Environmental Risk Management & Remediation of Soil & Groundwater, College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
3
Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Submission date: 2024-02-21
Final revision date: 2024-06-19
Acceptance date: 2024-06-30
Online publication date: 2024-09-03
Publication date: 2025-07-05
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(5):5111-5121
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The efficient activation of sodium percarbonate (SPC) is essential for degrading organic
contaminants. Converting biomass into biochar as a multifunctional biocatalyst to accelerate oxidizer
activation for water remediation has attracted much attention. In this study, we explored the performance
of coconut shell biochar (CSBC) as a catalyst to activate SPC for degrading a model pollutant, rhodamine
B (RhB). Optimal CSBC was synthesized via pyrolysis at 700°C for 4 h. In the CSBC/SPC system,
the removal efficiency of RhB reached 96.11% within 4 h, which was much higher than that of the SPC
system (7.76%). Quenching and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy results showed
that hydroxyl radicals are crucial reactive oxygen species for RhB removal. Graphitization structures
of the material, oxygen-containing functional groups, and persistent free radicals were the dominant
factors controlling the activation of SPC by CSBC. Moreover, higher pH (11.72) enhanced the removal
of RhB in the CSBC/SPC system; a 30% increase in removal rate was observed. However, anions Cl-,
SO42-, and PO43- in water slightly inhibited the removal of RhB. This work provided a new method to
activate SPC for the degradation of contaminants in water.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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