ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Enhanced Immobilization of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Contaminated Soil Using Forest Wood-Derived Biochar and Activated Carbon under Saturated Conditions, and the Importance of Biochar Particle Size
Ali Daryabeigi Zand1, Peter Grathwohl2
 
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1Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran,
23, Ghods St., 141556135 Tehran, Iran
2Center for Applied Geosciences (ZAG), University of Tübingen,
Hölderlinstr. 12, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
 
 
Submission date: 2015-09-17
 
 
Final revision date: 2015-10-11
 
 
Acceptance date: 2015-10-12
 
 
Publication date: 2016-01-25
 
 
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2016;25(1):427-441
 
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ABSTRACT
Leaching behavior of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) can be altered in the presence of organic amendments through enhanced sorption of PAHs to the amended soil. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of biochar in two forms (i.e., crushed and pulverized), and granular activated carbon on immobilization and leaching behavior of selected PAHs from contaminated soil into water using the column leaching test. The influence of biochar particle size on leaching behavior of PAHs in biochar-amended soil was also evaluated for the first time in this study. Results showed relatively high initial concentrations of naphthalene, fluorene, and pyrene for unamended column (B1). Strong sorption of all PAHs to soil was observed in this study. At the end of the experiment less than one percent of the solid phase content of the sum of PAHs was released into water in columns B3 and B4. Change in pH due to the application of organic amendments did not affect PAH leaching results. The addition of pulverized biochar and granular activated carbon to soil remarkably reduced mobilization and leaching of the studied PAHs in most cases; however, higher molecular weight PAHs (i.e., pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, and indeno(1,2,3- cd)) were mobilized in the presence of crushed biochar in soil. The controlling role of biochar particle size on mobilization and release of PAHs in soil was observed. The application of pulverized biochar and activated carbon increased colloid content of the column effluents while reducing their dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content, suggesting a more significant role of colloid-facilitated transport than DOC-associated transport of PAHs in their leaching from carbon-amended soils, particularly for higher molecular weight PAHs. Based on the obtained results, pulverized biochar and granular activated carbon demonstrated promising and comparable performance in immobilizing PAHs in soil and reducing their leaching from soil into water through enhanced sorption of PAH compounds, which is markedly favorable in terms of soil remediation.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
 
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