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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Fostering a Green Tomorrow: Exploring
the Impact of Economic Fitness on CO2
Reduction Along the Environmental Kuznets
Curve with Capital and Renewable Energy
1
Business School, University of Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, Aberdeen,United Kingdom
2
UE Business School, Division of Management and Administrative Science, University of Education Lahore, Pakistan
3
Department of Geography, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
4
Department of Finance and Economics, University of Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Submission date: 2023-11-28
Final revision date: 2024-02-13
Acceptance date: 2024-04-30
Online publication date: 2024-09-04
Publication date: 2025-01-28
Corresponding author
Liaqat Ali Waseem
Department of Geography, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
Department of Geography, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Punjab, Pakistan
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(3):2847-2865
KEYWORDS
economic fitnessenvironmental Kuznets curveCO2 emissioneconomic growthrenewable energycapital formation
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
To pursue sustainable development, it is crucial to explore and prioritize economic growth and
environmental protection. Global competitiveness is central to sustainable development in the complex
relationship between economic growth and environmental protection. Analyzing the data of 121 countries,
both developed (37) and developing (84), from 1995 to 2019, this study examines how economic fitness
impacts environmental sustainability. The findings revealed that nations with higher economic fitness
(0.038; -0.054) tend to have lower emissions, which is consistent with the EKC pattern, whereas increased
capital investments (b = 0.137) and low consumption of renewable energy (b = -0.049) are linked with
higher CO2 emissions. Similarly, the study findings highlighted the crucial role of economic fitness
and the complexities of its relationship with environmental outcomes across different country groups.
Moreover, the turning point for the overall sample of countries where the EKC starts to decline occurs
at $63211.89 GDP per capita for high economic fitness, and for low economic fitness, it is $66070.98.
Similarly, the turning points in the relationship between GDP per capita and environmental quality vary
significantly between developed and developing countries. Therefore, nations with higher economic fitness
experienced environmental improvements at lower GDP per capita levels in both groups of countries. This
trend is particularly pronounced in developing countries, where nations with high economic fitness have
demonstrated earlier improvements. In conclusion, this study contributes significantly to the understanding
of the complex interplay between economic fitness and ecological sustainability.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
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