ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Ozonation and Photo-Driven Oxidation of Ciprofloxacin in Pharmaceutical Wastewater: Degradation Kinetics and Energy Requirements
 
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1
Sustainable Development Study Center, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan
 
2
Quality Operations Laboratory, UVAS, Lahore, Pakistan
 
 
Submission date: 2018-03-02
 
 
Final revision date: 2018-04-23
 
 
Acceptance date: 2018-04-26
 
 
Online publication date: 2018-12-11
 
 
Publication date: 2019-02-18
 
 
Corresponding author
Rabia Wajahat   

Sustainable Development Study Center, GC University, Lahore, Pakistan, katechry road, 54000 lahore, Pakistan
 
 
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2019;28(3):1933-1938
 
KEYWORDS
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ABSTRACT
Pharmaceutical wastewater has become an important source for emitting antibiotics into aquatic environments. However, this study aims to evaluate the potential of different advanced oxidation processes like ozonation, photolysis, and photo-catalysis for degrading a fluoroquinolone antibiotic ciprofloxacin (CIP) in real pharmaceutical wastewater. The raw wastewater contains a high concentration of organic content (COD: 603 mg/L, BOD: 116 mg/L) and significant concentration of CIP (7.91 mg/L). In ozonation, compared with the acidic and basic conditions, the degradation rate was faster under basic conditions and showed a competently degraded CIP (up to 98.7%) under the optimum pH 9 within 30 min, whereas photo-catalysis by using commercial anatase (TiO2) is considered to be the most effective technique for decreasing the concentration of CIP up to 100% within 30 min under the optimized TiO2 dose (1000 mg/L). The degradation rate was quicker and found to be several times faster than in direct photolysis. Furthermore, electrical energy per order was also calculated for all processes and was obvious by the results that photo-catalysis consume less energy of about 8.7 kWh/m3, for almost complete deduction of CIP.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
 
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