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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Physicochemical and Particulate Matter (PM2.5,
PM10) Analysis of Air from Residential Areas:
In-vitro Cytotoxicity Analysis
of Particulates Against Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
1
Department of Environmental Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
2
Department of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Chenab, Gujrat, Pakistan
3
Department of Basic Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore (Jhang-Campus), Pakistan
4
Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,
P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
5
School of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
6
Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore, Pakistan
7
Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
Submission date: 2023-09-20
Final revision date: 2024-01-11
Acceptance date: 2024-04-30
Online publication date: 2024-09-02
Publication date: 2025-01-28
Corresponding author
Arif Nazir
Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 1-KM Defence Road, Lahore, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, 1-KM Defence Road, Lahore, 53700, Lahore, Pakistan
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(3):2697-2706
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Urban area air pollution has become a source of serious health impacts on city dwellers.
The main purpose of this research is to investigate the major ambient air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, TVOC,
and HCHO). Data was collected (n = 50) using a portable air quality instrument during the spring
season and spatial distribution analysis was carried out using GIS software to identify the hotspots.
A significant number of locations were found to be higher in measured pollutant levels as compared
to WHO and PEQS guidelines limits of PM10 and PM2.5. The highest values of PM10 and PM2.5 were
measured along the main roads. The highest values of TVOC and HCHO were measured to be
at locations around the drain carrying effluent. The exposure risk found at field sampling sites of TVOC
was higher versus HCHO. The in vitro cytotoxicity assay of PM2.5 and PM10 was performed against
red blood cells (RBCs), the findings revealing a significant toxicity to the RBCs. This research work
is significant to document because the concerned authority takes action to mitigate the major air
pollutants by controlling transportation and covering the drain side by the plantation.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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