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eISSN: 2083-5906
ISSN: 1230-1485
ISSN: 1230-1485
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Remediation of Pb-Contaminated Soil with
Hydroxyapatite and Potassium Chloride:
Performance and Optimization
1
School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
2
XCMG Xuzhou Truck-mounted Crane Co., Ltd., Xuzhou 221000, China
3
School of Chinese Language and Literature, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224002, China
4
Tianjin Huankelijia Environmental Remediation Technology Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300191, China
5
State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Prevention and Control, China University of Mining and Technology,
Xuzhou 221116, China
6
China Academy of Safety Science and Technology, Beijing 100012, China
Submission date: 2025-12-26
Final revision date: 2026-02-15
Acceptance date: 2026-04-10
Online publication date: 2026-09-23
Corresponding author
Ping Luo
School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Hydroxyapatite (HAP) and its modified derivatives represent a feasible approach for remediating
lead-contaminated soils, while concerns remain regarding their long-term stability. This study
conducted a lab-scale experiment to investigate the synergistic remediation of lead-contaminated soil by
HAP and KCl, aiming to efficiently immobilize lead and achieve long-term stabilization. The optimum
P:Cl:Pb ratio and the remediation mechanisms were first investigated using the toxicity characteristic
leaching procedure, the sequential extraction procedure, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The 50-
year stability was then assessed by conducting simulated exposure to different types of rainfall (SO42-
:NO3- = 1:1, 2:1, and 4:1; pH = 4.5, 5.6, and 6.5). The results showed that after 14 days of treatment,
the optimum mixture of HAP and KCl (P:Cl:Pb = 8:2:1, 3.2 wt% HAP) completely immobilized Pb
in soil (4985 mg kg-1 Pb), generating 49% stable residual Pb. The presence of KCl enhanced the Pb
immobilization through the formation of Pb5(PO4)3Cl and Pb10(PO4)6(OH)2. Following an additional 50-
year simulated rainfall period, the residual Pb fraction further increased to 90%, while the leached
Pb concentration remained below the regulatory threshold of 5 mg L-1 (GB 5058.3-2007). These
findings indicate successful long-term Pb immobilization for at least 50 years, especially under rainfall
conditions.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
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