Printing and dyeing wastewater contains many harmful substances, causing serious pollution to the water environment. Therefore, the wastewater discharge from the printing and dyeing industry has become a major challenge for environmental protection. Traditional methods for treating printing and dyeing wastewater have many limitations on treatment effectiveness, cost, and efficiency. Therefore, more effective wastewater treatment technologies should be developed. Ozone oxidation treatment technology is introduced in the study, and manganese oxide catalysts loaded on granular activated carbon are used for catalytic oxidation. Moreover, it is combined with an aerated biological filter to deeply treat the biochemical effluent from printing and dyeing wastewater. The results showed that manganese oxide loaded on granular activated carbon exhibited excellent performance in organic matter adsorption, with a chemical oxygen demand removal rate of 58.26%. In a two-stage system, when the ozone dosage reached 67.01 mg/L, the chemical oxygen demand removal rate also reached 67.12%. At this time, the effluent chemical oxygen demand decreased to 48.12 mg/L, meeting the standard of below 50 mg/L. When the ozone dosage was further increased to 80 mg/L, the chemical oxygen demand removal rate of the two-stage system reached 73.61%. The ozone oxidation technology and biological aerated filter treatment system used in the study have efficient organic matter removal capacity and potential for deep treatment and resource utilization, providing strong technical support for the sustainable development of the printing and dyeing industry.