Northern Shaanxi Province of China has been affected by severe water shortages, especially in coal mining areas. A systematic method of identifying the influencing factors and their significance on river runoff is essential for paving the way towards environmental protection. Based on stepwise regression analysis, this paper analyzed the runoff influence factors of the Kuye River for 1961-1979, 1980-1998, 1999-2016 and 1961-2016, and calculated the runoff reduction caused by various factors in different periods. We found that the main influence factors on Kuye runoff are disparate in different periods. In 1961-2016, the main factors were rainfall, temperature, soil and water conservation measures, and coal mining. Compared with the base period (1961-1979), the reduction in Kuye runoff stood at 21,569×10⁴ m³ per year in 1980-1998. In 1999-2016, runoff reduction of 52,992×10⁴ m³ was attributable to water conservation measures (57%), temperature (21%), and coal mining (25%) – but was also partially offset by the rainfall increase. These findings could serve as important references for the ecological restoration of river ecosystems in other coal-mining areas.