The fertilized utilization of straw is a crucial strategy for green agricultural development and carbon reduction in China. However, regional disparities in resource endowment and utilization create a complex spatial carbon emission reduction potential pattern. This study systematically analyzes the total straw and nutrient resources, as well as the spatiotemporal evolution of carbon reduction potential from fertilized straw utilization across 31 provinces from 2014 to 2023. The Theil index quantifies regional imbalances, while Moran’s I and local spatial autocorrelation identify clustering patterns. Results indicate that China’s total straw resources remained stable, with the highest concentration in the northeastern and central agricultural regions. The carbon reduction potential increased from 18.15 to 20.00 million tons, with nitrogen contributing 85% of the total reduction. The Theil index reveals narrowing regional disparities, though internal imbalances persist in the east. Spatial analysis highlights significant clustering, with the northeast and central regions showing strong “high-high” aggregation, while eastern coastal and western areas exhibit “low-low” clustering. Strengthening regional coordination, optimizing resource allocation, and promoting technology adoption are essential to reducing disparities and enhancing the national carbon reduction potential, contributing to China’s green agricultural transformation and “dual carbon” goals.