About the Journal
In Memory of Professor Jerzy Radecki
Editorial Office
Editorial Board
Scope
Impact Factor
Indexed in...
Journal Impact Factor contributing items
Contact
Subscription
Current issue
Online first
Notes to Authors
Frequently Asked Questions
Editorial policies
PJOES Publication Policy Overview
PJOES Peer Review Policy
PJOES Research Ethics and Malpractice Policy
PJOES Plagiarism Policy
PJOES Conflict of Interest Policy
PJOES Open Access Policy
PJOES Instructions for Reviewers
Generative AI and AI-Assisted Technologies Policy
Archive
ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Suitable Water Surface Ratio of the Urban
Park from the Perspective of Optimizing
Eco-Social Benefit: A Case Study of
Dashenguan Park in Nanjing, China
1
College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
Submission date: 2024-05-02
Final revision date: 2024-06-23
Acceptance date: 2024-09-04
Online publication date: 2024-11-07
Publication date: 2025-11-04
Corresponding author
Hui Wang
College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, 210037, Nanjing, China
College of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, 210037, Nanjing, China
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(6):7149-7163
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Water bodies are essential components of many urban parks, with varying water surface ratios
affecting the parks' benefits. Therefore, a suitable water surface ratio is crucial for the sustainable
development of urban parks. However, research on this aspect remains relatively scarce. In this study,
we aimed to explore the suitable water surface ratio for urban parks to enhance integrated benefits.
Taking Nanjing Dashengguan Park as an example, different water surface ratios were simulated using
the ArcGIS 10.8 platform. Ecological benefits, social benefits, and integrated eco-social benefits models
were constructed to measure the benefits of parks with different water surface ratios and to determine
the optimal water surface ratio that maximizes comprehensive benefits. The results show that: (1) The
water surface ratio significantly influences park benefits. Increasing the water surface ratio improves
ecological benefits but reduces social benefits, with integrated eco-social benefits first rising and then
declining; (2) A 33% water surface ratio maximizes the integrated benefits of Dashengguan Park,
representing the optimal ratio. The method for planning the suitable water surface ratio proposed in this
study provides valuable references for the planning and construction of urban parks.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
REFERENCES (63)
1.
DE LIMA G.N., FONSECA-SALAZAR M.A., CAMPO J. Urban growth and loss of green spaces in the metropolitan areas of São Paulo and Mexico City: effects of land-cover changes on climate and water flow regulation. Urban Ecosystems, 26 (6), 1739, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252....
2.
WU J., YANG S., ZHANG X. Interaction analysis of urban blue-green space and built-up area based on coupling model-A case study of Wuhan central city. Water, 12 (8), 2185, 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/w12082....
3.
ALMEIDA C.M.V.B., MARIANO M.V., AGOSTINHO F., LIU G.Y., GIANNETTI B.F. Exploring the potential of urban park size for the provision of ecosystem services to urban centres: A case study in São Paulo, Brazil. Building and Environment, 144, 450, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
4.
DING Z., WANG H. What are the key and catalytic external factors affecting the vitality of urban blue-green space? A case study of Nanjing Main Districts, China. Ecological Indicators, 158, 111478, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
5.
LIU Q., WU Y., XIAO Y., FU W., ZHUO Z., VAN DEN BOSCH C.C.K., HUANG Q., LAN S. More meaningful, more restorative? Linking local landscape characteristics and place attachment to restorative perceptions of urban park visitors. Landscape and Urban Planning, 197, 103763, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
6.
ENGSTRÖM G., GREN A. Capturing the value of green space in urban parks in a sustainable urban planning and design context: pros and cons of hedonic pricing. Ecology and Society, 22 (2), 2017. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-093....
7.
HOSSEINPOUR N., KAZEMI F., MAHDIZADEH H. A cost-benefit analysis of applying urban agriculture in sustainable park design. Land Use Policy, 112, 105834, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
8.
LI X., JIA B., LI F., MA J., LIU X., FENG F., LIU H. Effects of multi-scale structure of blue-green space on urban forest carbon density: Beijing, China case study. Science of The Total Environment, 883, 163682, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
9.
MENEZES DA SILVA C.E., VASCONCELOS BEZERRA A.C., CRUZ NETO C.C. Associations between the perception of ecosystem services and well-being in urban parks. Urban Ecosystems, 26 (6), 1615, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252....
10.
DEL SAZ SALAZAR S., GARCÍA MENÉNDEZ L. Estimating the non-market benefits of an urban park: Does proximity matter? Land Use Policy, 24 (1), 296, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
11.
SCHWARTZ A.J., DODDS P.S., O'NEIL-DUNNE J.P.M., RICKETTS T.H., DANFORTH C.M. Gauging the happiness benefit of US urban parks through Twitter. PLOS ONE, 17 (3), e0261056, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1371/journa....
12.
LIANG Z., LI Z., FAN Z. Seasonal impacts of built environment and its interactions on urban park cooling effects in Nanjing, China. Building and Environment, 242, 110580, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
13.
SIM J., MILLER P. Understanding an urban park through big data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (20), 3816, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
14.
BROWN G., RHODES J., DADE M. An evaluation of participatory mapping methods to assess urban park benefits. Landscape and Urban Planning, 178, 18, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
15.
MILLWARD A.A., SABIR S. Benefits of a forested urban park: What is the value of Allan Gardens to the city of Toronto, Canada? Landscape and Urban Planning, 100 (3), 177, 2011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
16.
IBRAHIM R., CLAYDEN A., CAMERON R. Tropical urban parks in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: Challenging the attitudes of park management teams towards a more environmentally sustainable approach. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 49, 126605, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug....
17.
LI Y., LIU X., WANG Y., HE Z. Simulating multiple scenarios of land use/cover change using a coupled model to capture ecological and economic effects. Land Degradation & Development, 34 (10), 2862, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.46....
18.
LIANG C., ZHANG R.C., ZENG J. Optimizing ecological and economic benefits in areas with complex land-use evolution based on spatial subdivisions. Landscape and Urban Planning, 236, 104782, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
19.
MA S., WEN Z. Optimization of land use structure to balance economic benefits and ecosystem services under uncertainties: A case study in Wuhan, China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 311, 127537, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcle....
20.
SHI Q., GU C.J., XIAO C. Multiple scenarios analysis on land use simulation by coupling socioeconomic and ecological sustainability in Shanghai, China. Sustainable Cities and Society, 95, 104578, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.....
21.
SAARONI H., ZIV B. The impact of a small lake on heat stress in a Mediterranean urban park: the case of Tel Aviv, Israel. International Journal of Biometeorology, 47 (3), 156, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484....
22.
TU X., HUANG G., WU J., GUO X. How do travel distance and park size influence urban park visits? Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 52, 126689, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug....
23.
CAO B., CHEN Q., DU M., CHENG Q., LI Y., LIU R. Simulation Analysis of the Cooling Effect of Urban Water Bodies on the Local Thermal Environment. Water, 14 (19), 3091, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14193....
24.
WANG S. Approach research for ratio of reasonable water surface. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, S1, 568, 2007.
25.
WANG C., WANG P. Urban Water Ecosystem Construction and Management.; China Science Publishing: Beijing, China, 2004.
26.
LIU S., LIN M., LI C. Analysis of the Effects of the River Network Structure and Urbanization on Waterlogging in High-Density Urban Areas-A Case Study of the Pudong New Area in Shanghai. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16 (18), 3306, 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph....
27.
BU J., PENG C., LI C., WANG X., ZHANG Y., YANG Z., CAI Y. A method for determining reasonable water area ratio based on flood risk and cost-effectiveness in Rainy City. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79 (19), 450, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665....
28.
GAO C., LIU J., CUI H., WANG Z., HE S. Optimized water surface ratio and pervious surface proportion in urbanized riverside areas. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72 (2), 569, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665....
29.
YANG S., ZHONG Z., HUA P. Suitable Water Surface Ratio in Jiangsu Province. Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute, 29 (7), 31, 2012.
30.
Nanjing Municipal People's Government, Nanjing Territorial Spatial Masterplan (2021-2035). Available online: https://www.nanjing.gov.cn/zgn... (accessed on 1st May 2024).
31.
Nanjing Bureau of Planning and Natural Resources, Nanjing Charming Riverside 2035 (Detailed Planning and Urban Design of Nanjing Riverside Core Section). Available online: https://ghj.nanjing.gov.cn/ghb... (accessed on 1st May 2024).
32.
The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China. Current Land Use Classification, GB/T 21010-2017; Beijing, China, 2017.
33.
Nanjing Municipal Bureau statistics, Nanjing Investigation Team of National Statistical Bureau. Nanjing Statistical Yearbook; China Statistics Press: Beijing, China, 2022.
34.
The China Territorial Survey Results Sharing and Application Service Platform. Available online: https://gtdc.mnr.gov.cn/Share#... (accessed on 1st May 2024).
35.
Price Department of the National Development and Reform Commission, Price and Cost Survey Centre. Compilation of Cost and Benefit Data of National Agricultural Products; China Statistics Press: Beijing, China, 2022.
36.
WEI H., ZHOU G., FU S. Efficient Priority-Flood depression filling in raster digital elevation models. International Journal of Digital Earth, 12 (4), 415, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/175389....
37.
GAO L., TAO F., LIU R., WANG Z., LENG H., ZHOU T. Multi-scenario simulation and ecological risk analysis of land use based on the PLUS model: A case study of Nanjing. Sustainable Cities and Society, 85, 104055, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.....
38.
WANG Y., LI X., ZHANG Q., LI J., ZHOU X. Projections of future land use changes: Multiple scenarios-based impacts analysis on ecosystem services for Wuhan city, China. Ecological Indicators, 94, 430, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
39.
WEI R., FAN Y., WU H., ZHENG K., FAN J., LIU Z., XUAN J., ZHOU J. The value of ecosystem services in arid and semi-arid regions: A multi-scenario analysis of land use simulation in the Kashgar region of Xinjiang. Ecological Modelling, 488, 110579, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
40.
SHEN J., WANG Y. Optimizing landscape structure of hybrid land use in ecological corridors based on comprehensive benefit index in metropolitan area. Forests, 14 (9), 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14091....
41.
COSTANZA R., D'ARGE R., DE GROOT R., FARBER S., GRASSO M., HANNON B., LIMBURG K., NAEEM S., O'NEILL R.V., PARUELO J., RASKIN R.G., SUTTON P., VAN DEN BELT M. The value of the world's ecosystem services and natural capital. Ecological Economics, 25 (1), 3, 1998. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-....
42.
PENG K., JIANG W., WANG X., HOU P., WU Z., CUI T. Evaluation of future wetland changes under optimal scenarios and land degradation neutrality analysis in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area. Science of The Total Environment, 879, 163111, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scit....
43.
LU M., ZHANG Y., LIANG F., WU Y. Spatial relationship between land use patterns and ecosystem services value—Case study of Nanjing. Land, 11 (8), 1168, 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/land11....
44.
XIE G., ZHANG C., ZHANG L., CHEN W., LI S. Improvement of the evaluation method for ecosystem service value based on per unit area. Journal of Natural Resources, 30 (8), 1243, 2015.
45.
XIE G., LU C., LENG Y., ZHENG D., LI S. Ecological assets valuation of the Tibetan Plateau. Journal of Natural Resources, 18 (2), 189, 2003.
46.
XIE G., ZHEN L., LU C., XIAO Y., CHEN C. Expert knowledge based valuation method of ecosystem services in China. Journal of Natural Resources, 23 (5), 911, 2008.
47.
ZHANG X., REN W., PENG H. Urban land use change simulation and spatial responses of ecosystem service value under multiple scenarios: A case study of Wuhan, China. Ecological Indicators, 144, 109526, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
48.
LIU Z., HU L., YAN B., ZHANG P. Ecological benefit evaluation and influencing factors analysis of protected areas in Beijing. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 42 (24), 2022. https://doi.org/10.5846/stxb20....
49.
Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China. Technical Criterion for Ecosystem Status Evaluation, HJ 192-2015; China Environmental Science Press: Beijing, China, 2015.
50.
GUO P., WANG H., QIN F., MIAO C., ZHANG F. Coupled MOP and PLUS-SA model research on land use scenario simulations in Zhengzhou metropolitan area, central China. Remote Sensing, 15 (15), 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1515....
51.
LIANG X., GUAN Q., CLARKE K.C., LIU S., WANG B., YAO Y. Understanding the drivers of sustainable land expansion using a patch-generating land use simulation (PLUS) model: A case study in Wuhan, China. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 85, 101569, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comp....
52.
PAL S., TALUKDAR S. Drivers of vulnerability to wetlands in Punarbhaba river basin of India-Bangladesh. Ecological Indicators, 93, 612, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
53.
AZNAR-SÁNCHEZ J.A., VELASCO-MUÑOZ J.F., BELMONTE-UREÑA L.J., MANZANO-AGUGLIARO F. The worldwide research trends on water ecosystem services. Ecological Indicators, 99, 310, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
54.
IMDAD K., RIHAN M., SAHANA M., PARWEEN S., AHMED R., COSTACHE R., CHAUDHARY A., TRIPATHI R. Wetland health, water quality, and resident perceptions of declining ecosystem services: a case study of Mount Abu, Rajasthan, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30 (55), 116617, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356....
55.
TIAN B., GAO P., MU X., ZHAO G. Water area variation and river–lake interactions in the Poyang Lake from 1977–2021. Remote Sensing, 15 (3), 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs1503....
56.
XU J., WEI Q., HUANG X., ZHU X., LI G. Evaluation of human thermal comfort near urban waterbody during summer. Building and Environment, 45 (4), 1072, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buil....
57.
THEEUWES N.E., SOLCEROVÁ A., STEENEVELD G.J. Modeling the influence of open water surfaces on the summertime temperature and thermal comfort in the city. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 118 (16), 8881, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.5....
58.
LI X., JIANG X., LEI Y. Suitable water surface area of the tail lake under the constraint of water diversion scheme in arid areas based on emergy theory. Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies, 49, 101491, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh....
59.
ZHANG M., WANG S., GAO G., FU B., YE Z., SHEN Q. Exploring responses of lake area to river regulation and implications for lake restoration in arid regions. Ecological Engineering, 128, 18, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecol....
60.
BROWN G., SCHEBELLA M.F., WEBER D. Using participatory GIS to measure physical activity and urban park benefits. Landscape and Urban Planning, 121, 34, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.land....
61.
YIN J., SU B., FAN C., LI Q. Location of the public service facilities in an urban comprehensive park using a multi-hierarchy and multi-constrained configuration model. Journal of Urban Management, 9 (2), 2020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jum.....
62.
LI H., JIN Y. A Construction of Landscape Evaluation Indicator System for the Urban Comprehensive Park Based on the Theory about Three Elements. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 99–100, 496, 2011. https://doi.org/10.4028/www.sc....
63.
XUE Y. Urban Park Landscape Planning Based on Urban Ecology. Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech, 28 (3), 2472, 2017.
| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
