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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Enhancing Wheat Growth: Impact of
PGPR Co-Inoculation with Azospirillum
lipoferum and Agrobacterium fabrum
1
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
2
Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
3
Department of Life Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
4
Research Center for Horticulture, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Cibinong, Bogor 16915, Indonesia
5
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
6
Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
18000 Pakistan
7
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
Submission date: 2023-12-18
Final revision date: 2024-02-11
Acceptance date: 2024-06-28
Online publication date: 2025-01-15
Publication date: 2025-06-06
Corresponding author
Muhammad Aown Sammar Raza
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture & Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
Allah Ditta
Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000 Pakistan
Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000 Pakistan
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(4):4787-4797
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The significance of co-inoculation of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in crop
development is understudied. A wirehouse experiment in Pakistan examined how PGPR-inoculated
wheat seedlings affected growth and yield. The experimental design included four treatments: T0
(control), T1 (Azospirillum lipoferum), T2 (Agrobacterium fabrum), and T3 (co-inoculation). This study
examined development, growth, and wheat yield. Co-inoculation increased wheat grain output by 36%,
grains per plant by 11%, and 1000-grain weight by 17% compared to the non-inoculated reference.
Crop growth increased by 6.3% during tillering and 37% at flowering. T3 outperformed T1 and T2
inoculations by 9% and 14%, respectively. Compared to the control treatment, co-inoculation increased
leaf epicuticular wax and relative water content. In essence, inoculating wheat seeds with A. lipoferum
and A. fabrum separately and together may improve wheat growth, yield, and quality. This research
provides essential information for improving agricultural methods to preserve and increase crop output.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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