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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Fossil Fuel Consumption, Meat Production, Forest
Cover, and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Indonesia
1
Department of Agribusiness, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Islam Malang, Malang, Indonesia
2
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West
Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
3
Department of Management Studies, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine
Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
Submission date: 2024-04-09
Final revision date: 2024-05-03
Acceptance date: 2024-08-29
Online publication date: 2024-10-28
Publication date: 2025-11-04
Corresponding author
David Forgenie
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustin, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Department of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustin, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(6):6671-6681
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Indonesia is one of the top producers of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in Southeast Asia. Excessive
GHG emissions have profound implications for the environment, biodiversity, and human welfare. This
study investigates the relationship between fossil fuel consumption, meat production, forest cover, and
GHG emissions in Indonesia from 1990 to 2020 using annual data. Employing time-series analysis
techniques including unit root tests, bounds test approaches to cointegration, and error-correction
modeling, the research reveals significant long-run effects of fossil fuel use and meat production on
GHG emissions, while forest cover is found to mitigate atmospheric GHG levels. However, in the short
run, fossil fuel consumption is positively associated with increased GHG emissions, underscoring the
need for immediate emission reduction measures. The findings emphasize the critical role of forest
conservation and sustainable energy alternatives in mitigating climate change impacts in Indonesia. The
study recommends policymakers prioritize initiatives targeting sustainable energy adoption, land-use
practices, and forest preservation to achieve long-term environmental sustainability goals. Moreover,
the substantial error-correction term highlights the importance of persistent policy interventions to
address underlying drivers of GHG emissions.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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