ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Mineralogical Characterization and Agronomic Evaluation of Zeolite, Phosphate Rock, and Perlite Mixtures as Substrates for Lettuce Cultivation
 
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1
Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo (UAEH), ICBI. Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5 Mineral de la Reforma, Hidalgo, México
 
2
Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Cerro Blanco No. 141, Colinas del Cimatario, C.P. 76090, Querétaro, Querétaro, México
 
 
Submission date: 2025-07-29
 
 
Final revision date: 2025-09-14
 
 
Acceptance date: 2025-11-08
 
 
Online publication date: 2026-02-23
 
 
Corresponding author
Felipe Legorreta-García   

Earth And Materials Sciences, Technology Of Ceramics, Autonomous University Of The State Of Hidalgo, Cuidad Del Conocimiento, 42084, Mineral De La Reforma, Mexico
 
 
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
This study presents the characterization and results of applying a mineral mixture to lettuce cultivation, aiming to enhance nutritional input throughout the entire growth cycle of the plant. The mixture consists of three components: feldspathic rock, commercial expanded perlite (PER), and phosphate rock (PR). For the experimental development, two types of feldspathic rock were used: one extracted from the state of Hidalgo, Mexico (RH), and another from Veracruz, Mexico (RV). Both were characterized and applied independently. The feldspathic rocks from Hidalgo and Veracruz were subjected to a cation exchange treatment by immersion in an ammonium solution. Subsequently, they were mixed in different proportions with non-exchanged feldspathic rock, expanded perlite, and phosphate rock, resulting in six different mineral mixtures. Each mineral used was characterized: the crystalline phases were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), elemental composition was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and crystal morphology was examined via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Only the ammonium-exchanged feldspathic rocks were analyzed for the texture and the cation exchange capacity using ICP-OES. The effects of the six mineral mixtures on lettuce cultivation were evaluated by measuring root length, fresh weight, and dry matter content. Results show that lower nutrient availability leads to increased root growth and higher dry matter percentage. Thus, the use of mineral substrates is proposed as a costeffective and widely available alternative for lettuce crop nutrition.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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