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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Screening of Biosurfactants Producing
Fungi from Infected Citrus sinensis (L.)
1
Department of Botany, The Women University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
2
Department of Zoology, Lahore College For Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
3
School of Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, China
4
Department of Environmental Engineering, Nanjing University, China
5
Institute of Forest Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
6
Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
7
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan
8
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan
9
Department of Life Sciences, Western Caspian University, Baku, Azerbaijan
10
Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
11
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
12
Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
18000 Pakistan
13
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
14
State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, and
College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
Submission date: 2023-12-07
Final revision date: 2024-02-05
Acceptance date: 2024-06-28
Online publication date: 2024-10-31
Publication date: 2025-07-05
Corresponding author
Rashid Iqbal
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan
Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan
Allah Ditta
Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan, Pakistan
Department of Environmental Sciences, Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University Sheringal, Dir (U), Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 18000, Pakistan, Pakistan
Umar Daraz
State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agroecosystems, Center for Grassland Microbiome, and College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730020, China
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(5):5261-5270
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The possibility of using the diseased citrus sinensis plant as a feedstock for the synthesis of
biosurfactants by various species was investigated in this study. Four fungal species were identified,
namely Penicillium glabrum, Alternaria alternata, Alternaria solani, and Rhizopus stolonifer.
Preliminary screening of biosurfactants was carried out by dye binding assay. About 5.75cm ring was
noted for Penicillium glabrum. In the blood hemolysis assay, about halo diameter of clear zone 3.85cm
was noted for Rhizopus stolonifer. The highest emulsification (E24) and oil displacement ability were
noted for Penicillium glabrum and Rhizopus stolonifer. Maximum drop collapsing ability was observed
for Alternaria alternata. Maximum drop sliding was observed for Alternaria solani. In the Phenol-
Sulfuric acid and foaming activity assay, all four fungal species showed good activity, which indicates the presence of biosurfactants. In the microplate assay, four fungal species showed small results and
minor distortion. In the penetration assay, only three species, namely, Penicillium glabrum, Alternaria
alternata, and Rhizopus stolonifer, showed positive results and were able to move through hydrophilic
fluids to reach the oil layer, resulting in a color change from red to hazy white.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
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