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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Systematic Significance of Achene Macro-
Micromorphological Characteristics
and Associated Flora of Genus Persicaria from
Temperate Himalayan Region of Kashmir
1
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
2
Department of Botany, University of Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
3
College of Life Sciences Northwest A&F University Yangling, Shaanxi 712100 P. R. China
4
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
5
Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Submission date: 2024-02-07
Final revision date: 2024-06-27
Acceptance date: 2024-08-06
Online publication date: 2024-11-14
Publication date: 2025-08-20
Corresponding author
Syed Waseem Gillani
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(5):6145-6161
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Macromorphological-micromorphological achene characteristics of genus Persicaria from
temperate Himalayas were studied using scanning electron microscopy, stereomicroscopy,
and light microscopy to investigate their correct identification, taxonomic implications and
classification. The achene ultrastructure of Persicaria exhibits significant variations, with a diverse
array of micromorphological characteristics observed. Achene micromorphological attributes were
studied by different microscopic techniques, including achene size, color, shape, outline, texture,
sculpturing, and periclinal and anticlinal wall patterns. Achene shapes were classified into different
categories as trigonous, circular-biconvex, trigonous-biconvex, trigonous-bigonous, elliptic, biconvex,
biconvex-trigonous, broadly ovate, and ovate-trigonous. Achene colors were black, black-dark brown,
dark brownish, light brown-dark brownish, and black brown. SEM-based micromorphology features
include achene sculpturing as finely vereucate, striate, psilate, reticulate to papillate, rugose, reticulate
to granulate, striate to regulate, puncticulate, and striate to puncticulate. The range of achene length
varied from 1.62–4.35 mm, maximum length was observed in P. amplexicaulis (3.51–4.35=4.02±0.18)
mm, and minimum was in P. sinuata (1.62–1.99=1.86±0.08) mm. Epidermal walls included slightly
regular to regular arrangements. A taxonomic key was created using micro- and macro-morphological
characteristics to aid in distinguishing species boundaries and facilitating efficient identification within
the Persicaria genus. The achene morphology of Persicaria along an altitudinal gradient of 1300–2700m was described with precise diagnostic importance of characters using SEM. P. sinuata was recorded
from a narrow altitudinal range of 2400–2700 m with a restricted habitat within the upper temperate
zone. This research work seeks to determine the taxonomic implications of achene morphology for
the first time in the selected Persicaria species from the temperate Himalayas.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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