ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Wastewater Evaluation for Multan, Pakistan:
Characterization and Agricultural Reuse
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1
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
2
Mango Research Institute, Multan, Pakistan
3
Department of Environmental Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
Submission date: 2018-02-16
Final revision date: 2018-05-04
Acceptance date: 2018-05-07
Online publication date: 2019-01-25
Publication date: 2019-03-01
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2019;28(4):2159-2174
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ABSTRACT
Wastewater (WW) volume generated from both domestic and industrial sectors has increased
due to rapid industrialization and urbanization. WW is increasingly used on farms because it is cheap
and easily available all year, causing various environmental and health implications. In order to
evaluate Multan WW, this study characterizes 154 WW samples collected from 11 disposal stations.
These samples were analysed for 23 parameters related to organic matter, nutrients, inorganic matter,
and pathogens to determine pollution extent distribution, agricultural reuse potential, and WW
treatment database. A major contamination concern was found regarding biological oxygen demand
(BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total coliform, and E-Coli.
The average values of BOD and COD were found to be 2.7 and 3.8 times higher than the permissible
limits respectively. The microbiological parameters such as total coliform and E-Coli were found to be
10.6 and 36 times higher than the permissible limits, respectively. However, heavy metals and nutrients
were found within the permissible limit except phosphorus. Here, the correlation study on selected
WW parameters indicated the direct or indirect relationship among WW constituents and the impact
of different sources of pollution on WW characteristics. The present study also presents a critical review
of different treatment options according to contamination strength in disposal stations.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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