Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park (HTNP) and its surrounding areas face the dual challenges of ecological fragmentation and environmental degradation, yet few studies have quantitatively integrated Ecological Environment Quality (EEQ) and Landscape Ecological Risk (LER) to guide spatial governance. This study aims to construct a multi-level Ecological Security Pattern (ESP) that integrates EEQ and LER, providing a scientific basis for balancing conservation and development. Using multi-source remote sensing data from 2002 to 2022, GIS spatial analysis, and the Least Cumulative Resistance (LCR) model, we identified ecological source areas, corridors, and buffer zones, and validated connectivity through Ecological Risk Index (ERI) and patch aggregation indices. Results indicate a pronounced distance-decay gradient and corridors in the ERI. The 2022 ERI increased from 0.149 at 2,500 m to 0.163 at 10,000 m, whereas the 12 ecological corridor networks significantly enhanced landscape connectivity in the park’s peripheral areas. The core area maintained high ecological integrity and stability, while coastal zones still exhibited high-risk fragmentation clusters associated with human expansion. Accordingly, integrating EEQ and LER coupling into ESP construction can effectively enhance ecological resilience and provide decision-making support for adaptive spatial governance of HTNP.