How to improve the sustainability of resource-exhausted cities has become a difficult problem for China to implement the sustainable development strategy, and the construction of resilient cities has become the best way to solve this problem. This paper constructed an evaluation indicator system of the sustainable development for resource-exhausted cities from the perspective of resilient cities. The entropy weight-TOPSIS-grey relational degree model was used to quantitatively analyze the sustainable development capacity of 23 resource-exhausted cities in China from 2010 to 2020. And the coupling coordination degree model was further used to analyze the relationship between urban resilience and the dimensions of economy, environment, society and resource respectively. The weak links affecting their sustainable development was explored through obstacle degree model. The research results are helpful to fully understand the current situation and obstacle factors of the sustainable development of resource-exhausted cities in China, and promote the sustainable development of cities through the construction of resilient cities.