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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Application of Fermented Manure Improves
the Growth and Antioxidant Potential of
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and Soil
Health under Semi-Arid Conditions
1
Institute of Agro-Industry& Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
2
Department of Biochemistry, The women University Multan
3
Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences, King Faisal University,
Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
4
Erciyes University, Agriculture Faculty, Horticulture Department, Kayseri, 38030, Türkiye
5
Çukurova University, Institute of Applied and Natural Sciences, Biotechnology Department, Adana, 01330, Türkiye
6
Institute for BioEconomy (IBE), National Research Council (CNR), 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
7
Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
8
Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia
9
Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Almadinah Almunawarrah, Saudi Arabia
10
Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
11
Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, 47512 Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
Submission date: 2024-07-13
Final revision date: 2024-12-01
Acceptance date: 2024-12-29
Online publication date: 2025-03-03
Publication date: 2026-01-30
Corresponding author
Muhammad Ali
Institute of Agro-Industry& Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
Institute of Agro-Industry& Environment, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2026;35(1):1025-1034
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Using organic manures appears to be a promising strategy to promote plant performance and
improve soil health in arid and semi-arid regions under the threat of changing climate. The objective
of the current field-based study was to investigate the beneficial effects of cow dung manure (CDM)
fermented at different days, including 7, 14, and 21 days, on cotton crop growth and soil health compared
with synthetic fertilization. It was noticed that chemical fertilizer application showed the lowest values
for cotton seedling growth, physio-biochemical attributes, and soil organic matter content. Results
regarding CDM also showed that under all applied treatments, treatment in which 21 days of fermented
manure was applied performed better in terms of cotton plant growth and soil properties, as evidenced
by the cotton plant’s higher biomass, chlorophyll, and water contents, activities of antioxidant enzymes,
lower soil pH, increased organic matter contents, and higher amounts of moisture and essential plant nutrient retention in soil. In summary, our study suggests that using CDM could be an efficient practice
to improve the growth and development of crop plants and soil health.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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