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ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Foliar LM and SEM Insights: Investigating
Epidermal Features and Its Taxonomic
Implications in Some Verbenaceae Taxa
1
Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, 25120 Peshawar, Pakistan
2
Department of Botany, Islamia College Peshawar, 25120 Peshawar, Pakistan
3
Qarshi Herb Research Centre, Qarshi Industries (Pvt) Ltd. Hattar, Haripur, Pakistan
4
Department of Crop and Animal Production, Sason Vocational School, Batman University, Batman 72060, Turkey
5
Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences
and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District,
Beijing, 100101, China
6
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, (UCAS), Beijing 100049, China
7
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
8
Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Sialkot, Sialkot, Pakistan
9
Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
10
Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk Universitesi, Erzurum 25240, Turkiye
11
HGF Agro, Ata Teknokent, TR-25240 Erzurum, Turkiye
12
Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
Submission date: 2023-12-24
Final revision date: 2024-02-13
Acceptance date: 2024-05-02
Online publication date: 2024-09-02
Publication date: 2025-01-28
Corresponding author
Alevcan Kaplan
Department of Crop and Animal Production, Sason Vocational School, Batman University, Batman 72060, Turkey
Department of Crop and Animal Production, Sason Vocational School, Batman University, Batman 72060, Turkey
Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2025;34(3):2673-2685
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The epidermal characteristics of the foliar of five species of the Verbenaceae family were examined
using light and scanning electron microscopy. The use of the SEM method to investigate the foliar
epidermal features of Verbenaceae family has not yet been reported in Pakistan. Therefore, the current
study aims to investigate the anatomical characters for correct identification and taxonomic significance
of the species within the family Verbenaceae. The result revealed that the plants exhibited variations in
leaf epidermal features, including leaf cell size, stomata size, subsidiary cell size, and stomatal index.
The studied species, with the exception of Duranta repens, are amphiostomatic i.e. they have stomata on
both leaf surfaces. Normally, the stomata are anisocytic and animocytic and were observed on both leaf
surfaces in most species. In Vitex negundo, the stomata were not visible as there were many tomentosa and glandular hairs. The shape of the epidermal cells was quite different on both leaf surfaces, with
thick and straight epidermal walls in most species, except in Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, which has
smooth epidermal walls. Glandular hairs were observed in Lantana indica Roxb, Vitex negundo L.,
and Verbena officinalis L. The trichomes in V. negundo are segmented and branched. The largest length
(30-33 μm) of stomata was found on the abaxial surface of P. nodiflora, while the smallest length
(6-12.5 μm) of stomata was observed in Lantana indica Roxb. The size of epidermal cells varied
in both length and width on both surfaces of the leaves. The mean length of epidermal cells was higher
on the upper epidermal cell than on the lower surface. The length of the epidermis on the abaxial leaf
surface was greatest in Verbenaceae members (42-47.5 μm) in V. officinalis and not in the other species.
These anatomical features were given special consideration in the characterization and identification
of Verbenaceae taxa.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
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| eISSN: | 2083-5906 |
| ISSN: | 1230-1485 |
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